Health Policy Issues and Health Programmes in ... - Amazon S3

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Hospital Waste Managementbe without any puncture/leakage. The container should have a cover, preferably operated byfoot. If plastic liners are to be used, they have to be securely fitted within a container in such amanner that they stay in place during the opening and closing of the lid and can also beremoved without difficulty. The sharps must be mutilated by a needle cutter, which is placed inthe department/ward itself, before putting them in puncture-proof sharps containers. Attemptsshould be made to designate fixed places for each container so that it becomes a part of theregular scenario and practice for the concerned medical and nursing staff.CertificationAfter filling a bag or container two-thirds it is sealed. A tag, indicating the name of thedepartment, the type of waste, its contents/composition, the person responsible, date, shift, time,and so forth, has to be attached. A waterproof marker pen should be used for writing.Common/Intermediate Storage AreaThere needs to be a collection room/intermediate storage area where the waste packets/bagsare collected before they are finally taken. Transportation to the treatment/disposal site isnecessary for large hospitals having a number of departments, laboratories, OTs, and wards.This is all the more important when the waste is to be taken outside the premises. Arrangementfor separate receptacles in the storage area with prominent display of colour codes on the wallnearest to the receptacles has to be made. When waste-carrying carts/containers arrive at thisarea, they have to be systematically put in the relevant receptacle/designated area.Handling and TransportationHandling and transportation activities have three components — (1) collection of different kindsof waste inside the hospital, (2) transportation and intermediate storage of segregated wasteinside the premises, and (3) transportation of the waste to the treatment/disposal facility outsidethe premises (Table 2).A review of Table 2 shows that there is no single technology that can take care of all categories ofbiomedical waste. A judicious package has to be evolved for this purpose. For example, smalland medium hospitals can opt for local (in-house) disinfection, mutilation/shredding, anddedicated autoclaving plus off-site incineration at a common treatment/disposal facilityfollowed by disposal in sanitary and secured landfills.Treatment Technologies for Medical WasteTreatment technologies for medical waste require the following norms.llllllCompliance and performance testingMonitoring and recordingOperator training and qualificationsWaste management planningFacility inspectionsReporting and record keeping.208
Hospital Waste ManagementTable 2. Treatment and Disposal Options According to Categories of Biomedical Waste(Schedule I)Category Waste Category Treatment and DisposalCategory 1 Human anatomical waste (human Incineration @ /Deep burial *tissue, organs, body parts)Category 2 Animal waste (tissue, organs, body Incineration @ /Deep burial *parts, fluid, blood, carcasses ofexperimental animals)Category 3 Microbiology and biotechnology Local autoclavingwaste (laboratory cultures,/microwaving/incineration @stocks/specimen of micro-organisms,live/attenuated vaccines, cell cultures)Category 4 Waste sharps (needles, syringes, Disinfection (chemical treatment @@ /scalpels, blades, broken glass)autoclaving/microwaving) andMutilation/shredding ##Category 5 Discarded medicines and Incineration/destruction and disposalcytotoxic drugsin secured landfillsCategory 6 Solid waste (items such as cotton, Incineration @ /dressings, plaster casts, etc.autoclaving/microwavingcontaminated with blood/body fluid,soiled linen, bedding, etc.)Category 7 Solid waste (disposable items other Disinfection by chemicalthan sharps, such as tubulins,treatment @@ /autoclaving/catheters, intravenous sets, etc.)microwaving and mutilation/shredding ##Category 8 Liquid waste (from washing, Disinfection by chemicalcleaning, housekeeping, disinfecting, treatment @@ and dischargelaboratory, etc.)into sewers/drainsCategory 9 Incineration ash (of any biomedical Disposal in municipal landfillwaste)Category 10 Chemical waste (chemicals used in Chemical treatment @@ andproduction of biologicals, disinfection, discharge into sewer/drains foras insecticides, etc.)liquids and secured landfill for solids@@ Chemical treatment using at least 1% hypochlorite solution or any other equivalent chemical reagent.Chemical treatment must ensure disinfection.@ There will be no chemical pre- treatment before incineration. Chlorinated plastics shall not be incinerated.* Deep burial shall be an option available only in towns with a population of less than five lakhs and in rural areas.## Mutilation/shredding must be done in a manner that can prevent its unauthorized use.Environmental considerationsl Issues of concernn Treatment system will emit pollutants.lPotential impacts and risksn Air emissionsn Water effluentn Residue may have hazardous leachate in a landfill.209
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Health Policy IssuesandHealth Progr
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ContentsContentsPrefaceList of Part
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I would also like to thank our tech
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List of ParticipantsIndu Kumar Pand
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List of ParticipantsMohmed ShaukatD
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List of ParticipantsR K PurohitAddi
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GlossaryGlossaryAbbreviationsAIIMSA
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GlossaryLHVLILMISMAPMCMCHMDRTBMDTM&
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GlossaryTHRTRCTRIPsTTTUUDCUIPUPUTVC
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Inaugural Sessionwould be the first
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Inaugural SessionOnly 18% of the pr
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Inaugural SessionMadhukar Gupta, Ch
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Inaugural Sessionrotational basis f
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Inaugural Sessiontell you more abou
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Public Health Issues, Priorities, a
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National Health Programmes: An Over
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Implementation of National Health P
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Use of Epidemiological Surveillance
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Designing a Surveillance SystemFurt
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Designing a Surveillance Systemsurv
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National Health Programme in Uttara
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IEC Strategies for Health in IndiaS
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IEC Strategies for Health in Indial
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IEC Strategies for Health in IndiaS
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IEC Strategies for Health in IndiaA
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IEC for Health Programmes in Uttara
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Session 3Private and Public SectorP
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Public-Private Interaction in Healt
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Cost Recovery Measures in Governmen
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Arogya Raksha: Health Insurance Sch
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Session 1Session 4Health Financing
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Health Financing in India: Some Iss
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Household Health Care Costs in Indi
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Session 1Session 4Access to Health
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Access to Health Services in Uttara
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Page 168 and 169: Access to Health Services in Uttara
Page 170 and 171: Session 5STI/RTI, AIDS, and TB Cont
Page 172 and 173: Quality of RTI/STI Case Management
Page 182 and 183: HIV/AIDS: International Perspective
Page 188 and 189: HIV/AIDS in India and UttaranchalSe
Page 190 and 191: HIV/AIDS in India and UttaranchalFi
Page 192 and 193: HIV/AIDS in India and Uttaranchalpr
Page 198 and 199: Tuberculosis Control Efforts in Ind
Page 208 and 209: Session 6Other Health IssuesChairpe
Page 210 and 211: Care of the ElderlySocial care is u
Page 212 and 213: Care of the ElderlyEach group has d
Page 214 and 215: Hospital Waste ManagementSession 6H
Page 216 and 217: Hospital Waste ManagementA hospital
Page 220 and 221: Hospital Waste ManagementTreatment
Page 222 and 223: Hospital Waste Management4. Tempera
Page 224 and 225: Hospital Waste ManagementTable 6. U
Page 226 and 227: Streamlining the Drug Procurement a
Page 240 and 241: Sanitation and Public Health Issues
Page 246 and 247: Ayurveda and Unani Department and t
Page 252 and 253: Specific Health Policy and Programm
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