Technical Guidelines for Integrated Disease Surveillance ... - PHRplus

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Suspected disease orconditionDiagnostic test Specimen When to collect How to prepare, storeand transportOnchocerciasis Routine laboratory confirmation for surveillance is not required.Schistosomiasis Prescence of S.haematobium eggs in urine.ORUrineCollect sample whendiagnosis required forclinical and epidemiologicalpurposesCollect sample into cleanbottle.Should be transported atroom temperature to the labwithin 2 hoursPrescence of S. mansonistool.StoolSexually transmittedinfections (STIs)Routine laboratory confirmation for surveillance is not required.Trypanosomiasis Routine laboratory confirmation for surveillance is not required.Tuberculosis(Smear positive pulmonarytuberculosis)REFERENCE:Laboratory Services inTuberculosis Control, Parts I,II and III. WHO publicationsWHO/TB/98.258.Presence of acid fastbacillus (AFB) in ZiehlNeelsen stained smearsDeep-chest sputum Collect sputum (not saliva)for direct smear microscopyand examine at least twostained specimens taken ondifferent days.Smear should be examinedat health facility where thespecimen is taken.Viral hemorrhagic fevers(VHF)REFERENCES:Infection Control for ViralHemorrhagic Fevers in theAfrican Health Care SettingWHO/EMC/ESR/98.2Viral Infections of Humans;Epidemiology and Control.1989. Evans, A.S. (ed).Plenum Medical BookCompany, New YorkPresence of IgM antibodiesagainst Ebola, Marburg,CCHF, Lassa or DenguefeverORPresence of Ebola in postmortumskin necropsyFor ELISA:Whole blood, serum orplasmaFor PCR:Whole blood or blood clot,serum/plasma or tissueFor Immunohisto-chemistry:Skin or tissue specimensfrom fatal casesCollect specimen from thefirst suspected case.If more than one suspectedcase, collect until specimenshave been collectedfrom 5 to 10 suspectedcases.Handle and transportspecimens from suspectedVHF patients withextreme caution. Wearprotective clothing anduse barrier precautions.For ELISA or PCR: Refrigerate serum orclot. Freeze (-20C or colder)tissue specimens forvirus isolation.For Immunohistochemistry: Fix skin snip specimenin formalin. Specimencan be stored up to 6weeks. The specimenis not infectious once itis in formalin. Store at room temperature.Formalin-fixedspecimens may beshipped at roomtemperature.ResultsResults should be readywithin 24 hours.TB microscopy resultsshould be ready within aday.Quantification of observedmycobacteria arereported using variousreporting methods. Referto the criteria used by theexamining laboratory.Diagnostic services forVHF are not routinelyavailable. Advancearrangements are usuallyrequired for VHF diagnosticservices. Contact theNational Surveillance Unitor WHO.136Technical Guidelines for Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response in Ghana
Suspected disease orconditionDiagnostic test Specimen When to collect How to prepare, storeand transportViral hepatitis Detection of presence ofantigen in serum by meansofSerum Collect sample whendiagnosis is required forclinical or epidemiologicalpurposes.1. Use universal precautionsto minimize exposureto sharps and anybody fluid.Latex Agglutination TestORELISA Test2. Collect 5-10 mls ofvenous blood. Let clot retract for 30 to60 minutes at roomtemperature orcentrifuge to separateserum from red bloodcells. Aseptically pour offserum into sterile,screw-capped tubes. Store serum at 4°C.3. Transport serum samplesusing appropriate packagingto prevent breakage orleakage.Yaws Routine laboratory confirmation for surveillance not required.ResultsResults are usuallyavailable within 24 hoursfrom arrival in thelaboratoryAnnex 5: Laboratory Tests for Confirming Priority Diseases and Conditions 137
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Technical Guidelines forIntegrated
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3.3.1 Review the updated charts, ta
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7.1.2 Monitor timeliness and comple
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List of TablesTable 1: Surveillance
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AcronymsAFROAFPAIDSCBSCBSWCDCDHMTE-
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An ill person presents to medical a
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How are surveillance functions desc
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4.0 Investigate** 5.0 Respond 6.0 P
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National4.0 Investigate** 5.0 Respo
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In general, the health of Ghanaians
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How does Ghana’s MOH/GHS support
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1.0 Identify Cases of Priority Dise
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1.2 Improve district procedures for
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Section 2Report Priority Diseases a
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Name of diseaseRoutine summary repo
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Identify and train CBS volunteers o
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Clinicians, ward nurses or other re
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3.0 Analyse DataAnalysing trends of
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3. Label all the rows and columns,
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Figure 4: Meningitis cases from Bol
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The first step in analysing data by
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3.2.3.3 Calculate case fatality rat
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Table 6: Alert and epidemic/action
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3.4 Use the analysis results to imp
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4.0 Investigate Reported Outbreaks
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4.4 Prepare to conduct an investiga
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Review laboratory results with the
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Draw a histogram representing the c
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If the shape of the curve suddenly
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5.0 Prepare and Respond to Outbreak
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Periodically review and update othe
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3. Select appropriate communication
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Improve safe disposal of human wast
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Table 7: Daily water needs per pers
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Recommendations for improving epide
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6.0 Provide FeedbackData are report
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The newsletter can be produced simp
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7.0 Evaluate and Improve Surveillan
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Table 8 lists possible indicators t
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Priority diseases are recorded in t
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Indicators for measuring quality of
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Section 8Community-based Surveillan
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members to take action in the event
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Participate in information dissemin
Page 99 and 100: Section 9Summary Guidelines for Spe
Page 101 and 102: Analyse and interpretdataReferenceT
Page 103 and 104: Buruli UlcerBackground Buruli ulce
Page 105 and 106: Cholera may cause severe dehydratio
Page 107 and 108: Respond to epidemicthresholdIf a su
Page 109 and 110: In Ghana, the disease was endemic i
Page 111 and 112: ReferenceA guide to eliminating lep
Page 113 and 114: Promote environmental sanitation: c
Page 115 and 116: Surveillance goal Use a rapid late
Page 117 and 118: OnchocerciasisBackground Filarial
Page 119 and 120: Poliomyelitis (Acute flaccid paraly
Page 122 and 123: Public health action Conduct activ
Page 124 and 125: The global HIV pandemic has been a
Page 126 and 127: Respond toepidemicAnalyse and inter
Page 128 and 129: Public health action Case finding
Page 131 and 132: Annex 1Using Assessment Results to
Page 133: Tally, compile and report summary t
Page 136 and 137: Diseases of special public health f
Page 138 and 139: Pneumonia in childrenless than 5 ye
Page 140 and 141: Other diseases of public health imp
Page 143 and 144: Annex 5Laboratory Tests for Confirm
Page 145 and 146: Suspected disease orconditionCholer
Page 147 and 148: Suspected disease orconditionDiagno
Page 149: Suspected disease orconditionDiagno
Page 153: Annex 6List of Laboratories for Con
Page 157 and 158: Annex 8Case-based Surveillance Repo
Page 159 and 160: If laboratory specimen collectedFor
Page 161: 16. When the investigation of the c
Page 164 and 165: (For reporting from health facility
Page 166 and 167: 13. For vaccine-preventable disease
Page 169 and 170: Annex 11Total Number of Patients Se
Page 171: Annex 12Year ___________ Quarter __
Page 174 and 175: Analysis, interpretations, comments
Page 176 and 177: C. Location of Lesion(s)19. Upper l
Page 179 and 180: Annex 15Monthly Registration of Bur
Page 181: Classification a Location of Lesion
Page 185: Annex 17Managing Public Health Surv
Page 189 and 190: Annex 19Sample Tables for Person An
Page 191 and 192: Annex 20Log of Suspected Outbreaks
Page 193: Instructions for filling suspected
Page 196 and 197: INITIAL CLINICAL HISTORYPlease use
Page 198 and 199: SPECIMEN COLLECTIONDate Sent toDate
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186Technical Guidelines for Integra
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188Technical Guidelines for Integra
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Annex 25Treat Cases During an Outbr
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Also give home-based fluids as foll
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3. Give vitamin A to children with
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Annex 26Preparing Disinfectant Solu
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If the health facility does not kee
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Message:DO YOU PREPARE FOOD SAFELY?
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Reducing exposure to mosquitoesPERS
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Annex 30Estimating Vaccine Supplies
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Annex 31Recommended Immunization Pr
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Lab analysis and results:With text,
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District Epidemic Management Commit
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Annex 35Checklist for Supervising S
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Activity Supervisory Question Answe
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Annex 36Indicators for Monitoring t
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