Technical Guidelines for Integrated Disease Surveillance ... - PHRplus

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2.0 Report Priority Diseases and ConditionsEnsuring reliable reporting of surveillance data throughout the system is important so that programmemanagers, surveillance officers and other health care staff can use the information to:Identify problems and plan appropriate responsesTake action in a timely wayMonitor disease trends in the area2.1 Know how often to report priority diseases and conditionsHealth care facilities, both outpatient and inpatient, must note priority diseases in a clinic register on a dailybasis (Annex 7). The method and urgency of reporting surveillance data to the next higher level depends onspecific disease control activities. There are two main procedures for reporting disesases:Immediate, case-based reportingImmediate, “case-based” reporting is required for epidemic-prone diseases and some diseases targetedfor eradication and elimination. That is, a health facility reports to the district by the fastest meanspossible even a single incidence of such a disease. The initial report, required at the district levelwithin 48 hours of the patient being seen at the health facility, can be verbal – via telephone or radiophone– or written – via facsimile or E-mail. It is followed up by a case-based reporting form or linelist (Annexes 8 and 9).Routine summary reportingThis is reporting of the total number of cases and deaths due to priority diseases that a health facilitysees in a given period: weekly, monthly and quarterly (Annexes 10-16). These totals are analysed andthe results used to monitor progress towards disease reduction targets, measure achievements ofdisease prevention activities in the district, and identify hidden outbreaks or problems so that earlyaction can be taken.Table 3 shows the mode of reporting of various diseases to the next higher levels, whilst Table 4 shows thedeadlines for reporting.Table 3: Mode of reporting Ghana’s 23 priority diseases to the next higher levelsName of diseaseImmediately reportable diseasesCholeraMeningitisYellow feverMeaslesViral haemorrhagic feverPolio/acute flaccid paralysisDracunculiasis (guinea worm disease)Neonatal tetanusWhen to report a suspected caseReport case-based information immediately to thedistrict as soon as a case is suspectedMake the initial report by fastest means possible(telephone, facsimile, E-mail, radiophone)Follow up with a written report, using case-basedsurveillance reporting form (Annex 8) or line list(Annex 9). (AFP, neonatal tetanus and dracunculiasishave their own forms.)22Technical Guidelines for Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response in Ghana
Name of diseaseRoutine summary reportingA. Weekly reportingCholeraMeningitis*Measles(These three diseases are selected because of theirweekly thresholds)When to report a suspected caseA. Summary information on these three epidemicpronediseases should be reported weekly (Annex10) in addition to their immediate notification.Enter “zero” on the report form when no cases weresuspected or confirmed during the reporting period.B. Monthly reportingDiarrhoea with severe dehydration in children
Page 3: Technical Guidelines forIntegrated
Page 6 and 7: 3.3.1 Review the updated charts, ta
Page 8 and 9: 7.1.2 Monitor timeliness and comple
Page 10 and 11: List of TablesTable 1: Surveillance
Page 13: AcronymsAFROAFPAIDSCBSCBSWCDCDHMTE-
Page 18 and 19: An ill person presents to medical a
Page 20 and 21: How are surveillance functions desc
Page 22 and 23: 4.0 Investigate** 5.0 Respond 6.0 P
Page 24 and 25: National4.0 Investigate** 5.0 Respo
Page 26 and 27: In general, the health of Ghanaians
Page 28 and 29: How does Ghana’s MOH/GHS support
Page 30 and 31: 1.0 Identify Cases of Priority Dise
Page 32 and 33: 1.2 Improve district procedures for
Page 35: Section 2Report Priority Diseases a
Page 39 and 40: Identify and train CBS volunteers o
Page 41: Clinicians, ward nurses or other re
Page 44 and 45: 3.0 Analyse DataAnalysing trends of
Page 46 and 47: 3. Label all the rows and columns,
Page 48 and 49: Figure 4: Meningitis cases from Bol
Page 50 and 51: The first step in analysing data by
Page 52 and 53: 3.2.3.3 Calculate case fatality rat
Page 54 and 55: Table 6: Alert and epidemic/action
Page 56 and 57: 3.4 Use the analysis results to imp
Page 58 and 59: 4.0 Investigate Reported Outbreaks
Page 60 and 61: 4.4 Prepare to conduct an investiga
Page 62 and 63: Review laboratory results with the
Page 64 and 65: Draw a histogram representing the c
Page 66 and 67: If the shape of the curve suddenly
Page 68 and 69: 5.0 Prepare and Respond to Outbreak
Page 70 and 71: Periodically review and update othe
Page 72 and 73: 3. Select appropriate communication
Page 74 and 75: Improve safe disposal of human wast
Page 76 and 77: Table 7: Daily water needs per pers
Page 78 and 79: Recommendations for improving epide
Page 80 and 81: 6.0 Provide FeedbackData are report
Page 82 and 83: The newsletter can be produced simp
Page 84 and 85: 7.0 Evaluate and Improve Surveillan
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Table 8 lists possible indicators t
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Priority diseases are recorded in t
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Indicators for measuring quality of
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Section 8Community-based Surveillan
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members to take action in the event
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Participate in information dissemin
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Section 9Summary Guidelines for Spe
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Analyse and interpretdataReferenceT
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Buruli UlcerBackground Buruli ulce
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Cholera may cause severe dehydratio
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Respond to epidemicthresholdIf a su
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In Ghana, the disease was endemic i
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ReferenceA guide to eliminating lep
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Promote environmental sanitation: c
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Surveillance goal Use a rapid late
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OnchocerciasisBackground Filarial
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Poliomyelitis (Acute flaccid paraly
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Public health action Conduct activ
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The global HIV pandemic has been a
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Respond toepidemicAnalyse and inter
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Public health action Case finding
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Annex 1Using Assessment Results to
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Tally, compile and report summary t
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Diseases of special public health f
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Pneumonia in childrenless than 5 ye
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Other diseases of public health imp
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Annex 5Laboratory Tests for Confirm
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Suspected disease orconditionCholer
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Suspected disease orconditionDiagno
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Annex 6List of Laboratories for Con
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Annex 8Case-based Surveillance Repo
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If laboratory specimen collectedFor
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16. When the investigation of the c
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(For reporting from health facility
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13. For vaccine-preventable disease
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Annex 11Total Number of Patients Se
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Annex 12Year ___________ Quarter __
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Analysis, interpretations, comments
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C. Location of Lesion(s)19. Upper l
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Annex 15Monthly Registration of Bur
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Classification a Location of Lesion
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Annex 17Managing Public Health Surv
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Annex 19Sample Tables for Person An
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Annex 20Log of Suspected Outbreaks
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Instructions for filling suspected
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INITIAL CLINICAL HISTORYPlease use
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SPECIMEN COLLECTIONDate Sent toDate
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186Technical Guidelines for Integra
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188Technical Guidelines for Integra
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Annex 25Treat Cases During an Outbr
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Also give home-based fluids as foll
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3. Give vitamin A to children with
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Annex 26Preparing Disinfectant Solu
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If the health facility does not kee
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Message:DO YOU PREPARE FOOD SAFELY?
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Reducing exposure to mosquitoesPERS
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Annex 30Estimating Vaccine Supplies
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Annex 31Recommended Immunization Pr
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Lab analysis and results:With text,
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District Epidemic Management Commit
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Annex 35Checklist for Supervising S
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Activity Supervisory Question Answe
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Annex 36Indicators for Monitoring t
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