Exhibit JC42 - The Leveson Inquiry

For Distribution to CPsHacks and Dons - Teaching at the London University Journalism School 1919-1939: Its origin,development and influence.Chapter TwoThe Evolution of the Modern Journalist 1880-1930Two Distinct Roles: Journalist and ReporterAny attempt to disentangle the multiple strands that make up theVictorian experience in journalism in its daily, weekly, monthly and quarterlyappearances is hindered by the lack of ’any authoritative formulation ofjournalism in relation to its time (because) to look is to find none’. 1 The taskis rendered more difficult when one attempts to identify ’major shifts ormodification in its professional conception of news. ’2 To pinpoint the’conception of news’ it is necessary to rely on earlier career manuals,memoirs and autobiographies of journalists while appreciating that: ’not allautobiography is as unhearty and uncritical as the reminiscences ofjournalists; theirs seem to continue in relativelyunreflective...uncomplicated sense of life they expressed as reporters. ’3Those who wrote on the subject of journalism during the Victorian era wereusually what Altick and Kent call ’higher journalists ’4 who contributed to,and wrote for, the weightier newspapers of the time, either ascorrespondents or contributors. They were quite separate from the ordinaryreporters. The latter filled the ’Gossip’ pages, while the former contributedto the ’Intelligence’ columns, as some newspapers labelled them. The’higher journalists’ provided newspapers with what James FitzjamesStephens described as ’samples of the conversation of educated men uponpassing events ’~ while the reporters wrote: ’accounts of public meetings,exhibitions, ceremonies and incidents of various kinds...prosaicemployment for which no great ability is required and none displayed (bythis) lower form of talent. ’6 Writing from an American perspective MichaelSchudson avers that ’reporters, and reporting, were inventions of thenineteenth-century middle-class public and its institutions...[T]he 1890swere the age of the reporter...[W]hat reporters report on, how they report,what they aim for, and how they go about their work varies from one era toanother. [They] make stories. Making is not faking, not lying, but neither is itpassive mechanical recording. It cannot be done without...imagination [andD]escription is always an act of imagination. ’7Reporters rarely mixed with the: ’leading journalists...who might bebarristers waiting for a brief, or resigned to the lack of them; clergymenwhose conscience forbade them to practice or men of independent meanswho wished to increase their incomes. ’~MOD100051178