SBR- Content.pmd - INBO

UnimprovedImprovedState of the Basin Report - 2003In summary, the populations needing water and sanitation services are not only increasing overall, butthey are also concentrating in or near urban areas. It is clear that achieving the international target 23of halving the proportion of people in the basin without access to improved water and sanitationservices by the year 2015 will require enormous effort.4.4 Types of water supply and sanitation systems usedBetween rural and urban areas (and within urban centres between low and higher income areas),there are wide variations in the type of system or facility used. The same could be said for levels ofservice achieved (degree of reliability, availability, accessibility, and water quality).Data on types of water supply and sanitation facilities in use, and their potential to be both safe andadequate, are extremely variable. As with data on coverage, definitions vary from one country toanother, as does quality of data, again making it difficult to make comparisons between countriesand between years. Trends in user preferences, affordability and convenience of systems are thereforedifficult to track. But some trends are clear: there is high use of rainwater harvesting to ensure watersecurity in Thailand (26.5 percent nationwide, but likely to be much higher in the dry areas of theNortheast that lie within the LMB). There are also a high percentage of unspecified wells in ruralareas in Viet Nam (53.2 percent), with attendant risks of contamination if unprotected (Table 5).Table 5. Types of water supply systems usedRural (% of population served)Urban (% of population served)Cambodia(2000)Lao PDR(2000)Thailand(1987)Viet Nam(1997)Cambodia(2000)Lao PDR(2000)Thailand(1987)Piped into dwelling, yard or plot3.3 7.8 2.6 32.9 26.7 57.9Public tap/gravity-fed systemTube well, borehole with pumpProtected dug well or protectedspringRainwater collectionWell in residence/yardPublic well, unprotected dug wellor springRiver, spring, surface waterPond, river, stream, lake or damTanker truck/vendorBottled waterOther/missingTotalNotes: These are overall country statistics (ratherBlanks indicate no data available, notSource: Based on WHO/UNICEF/WSSCC 2001In general, there are more data on systemsrange from simple improvements in openecological toilets, water flush latrines, compostinga sewerage system, with or without pipedusually offered. 24 0.70.322.22.11.01.534.230.03.50.14.4100thannecessarilyfordefecationwater10.815.77.416.732.70.10.313.0100LMBzerowater supply(suchor septic-tankflushing.0.926.517.940.94.00.70.70.6100only) anduse.thanas buryingAs with0.617.453.214.611.40.2100are forfor sanitation.excreta),linkedwater1.813.81.63.817.511.811.10.25.5100different years.Sanitationto simplefacilities, andsupply, a range9.317.013.30.216.15.00.19.13.2100pitconnectionof choices0.913.74.73.50.116.13.1100optionslatrines,tois(potentially safe)(likely to be unsafe)Type of water supplyViet Nam(1997)66.24.04.817.70.74.50.21.9100258