POLITICS 101presides over a poetical contest between Euripides and the older poetAeschylus, and on balance, the high-minded, old-fashioned verse ofAeschylus is preferred over the newer style of his opponent, and soAeschylus is reinstated to life. Frogs therefore insists upon theimportance of literature to the spiritual life of the nation and affirmsconservative poetical values. We can see this as an assertion of thecentrality of drama to political and cultural discourse, with comedy asthe only literary form able to enlist fantasy and disregard boundaries asa means of retrieving lost ideals.Even though Aristophanic comedy is immersed in political themes, itis not necessarily a vehicle for dissent and political change. Criticism isdivided between those who read his comedy as a profound engagementwith the issues of public life and those who see him as a professionalcomedian getting laughs from the humiliation of authority figures. Tosupport this latter argument, critics point to the context of comic dramawithin the two annual dramatic festivals, the Lenaea and the Dionysia.Adopting an approach familiar from new historicism, the argument citesthe loosening of manners and mores during festival time, and theritualistic centrality of raillery and abuse in the kômos as the principalmotivation for apparently political humour. The insults of Aristophanesare therefore part of the same formula as phallic worship and farce, andtheir political relevance is a secondary effect. In Stephen Halliwell’swords, this ‘is not an evasion of standards, but rather an institutionalizedand culturally sanctioned exemption from them’ (Halliwell, 1984:19).According to this view, comedy is by its very nature as politicallyimpotent as it is apparently permissive.The question of whether or not comic form automatically reduces thepolitical potential of comic content was raised by the scandal involvingthe broadcast of a Brass Eye special about the media treatment ofpaedophiles. The programme, shown on Channel 4 on 26 July 2001, cowrittenby and starring Chris Morris, was a parody of a current affairsprogramme. Each episode in the series satirized media sensationalism,poor journalism, and the Irresponsibility of tabloid practices in a jadedmedia market. To expose the culture of sound bites and ubiquitouscelebrity comment, politicians and media figures were asked tocondemn fictional issues or make on-camera appeals in support ofinvented campaigns. In this episode, the singer Phil Collins was filmedwearing a ‘Nonce Sense’ campaign T-shirt, while the radio DJ Dr Foxwas seated in front of a dead shellfish, saying, ‘Genetically, paedophileshave more genes in common with crabs than they do with you or me…it is scientific fact’. Reactions to the programme were fierce. Culture
102 POLITICSSecretary Tessa Jowell spoke directly to the head of Channel 4 to voiceher concern and try to elicit a guarantee that the programme would neverbe repeated. The Home Office minister Beverley Hughes branded theshow ‘unspeakably sick’, and the Home Secretary David Blunkett calledit ‘not remotely funny’, although both later admitted that they had notseen it. The Daily Mail columnist Simon Heffer described it as ‘the mostgrievous breach of taste I have ever witnessed on TV, and a programmethat only a small proportion of the psychologically sick could havefound enjoyable’ (Daily Mail, 28 July 2001). While upholding thechannel’s right to free speech, the Independent Television Commissionforced Channel 4 to broadcast an apology two months later, after itbecame clear that Brass Eye was the most complained about televisionprogramme in British broadcasting history. Clearly, it was the opinion ofmany that comedy had no business with such a topic.This particular episode of Brass Eye was conceived in response to thereductive and incendiary treatment of the issue of paedophilia in theBritish media. The summer of 2000 saw a series of riots involvingantipaedophile protestors distressed at the presence of men theybelieved to be abusers living freely in their neighbourhoods. Suchactions were in part inspired by the News of the World that had beenrunning a series of articles naming alleged offenders and includingsome details of their whereabouts. As its target was the media, theissues of paedophilia themselves were not considered, whichundoubtedly proved to be the most provocative characteristic of theprogramme, as it appeared to lack any sentimentality for children, orreiterate any familiar expressions of the sanctity of childhood as a stateof being. Neither did it temper its attack on publicity-hungry celebritiesand politicians with an unambiguous statement in support of the victimsof abuse. Many read these omissions as signs of fatal ambiguity, but onesuspects that demands for overt statements of authorial intent, or therefusal to permit one aspect of the issue to be separated from the others,would have been unnecessary had the programme treated a differentsubject. As co-writer David Quantick said, ‘I think a lot of peoplecomplained because it had the word paedophilia in the title and that alot of complaints seemed to be related to a show that didn’t go out’(Guardian, 30 July 2001). Much of the opposition to the show nowseems to have been sparked by its enunciation of a culturally volatileterm that provokes instantaneous suspicion every time it is utteredoutside of the condemnatory discourse designed by the media. Yet forthe representatives of the government to comment on the content of a
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COMEDYWhat is comedy? Andrew Stott
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iiiIrony by Claire ColebrookLiterat
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First published 2005by Routledge270
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The Grotesque 83Slapstick 87The Fem
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIn keeping with the
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2 INTRODUCTIONcomic’ is an identi
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4 INTRODUCTIONassumption being that
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6 INTRODUCTION‘Whenever they wax
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8 INTRODUCTIONmeans of opening up t
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10 INTRODUCTIONJokes therefore emer
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12 INTRODUCTIONexperience itself as
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14 INTRODUCTIONrelegation in the hi
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16 INTRODUCTION
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18 COMEDY IN THE ACADEMYWhile there
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20 COMEDY IN THE ACADEMYin the cont
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22 COMEDY IN THE ACADEMYWith the ri
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24 COMEDY IN THE ACADEMYother’ (B
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26 COMEDY IN THE ACADEMYvictory pro
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28 COMEDY IN THE ACADEMYSPRINGTIME
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30 COMEDY IN THE ACADEMYreduction t
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32 COMEDY IN THE ACADEMYlocation fo
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34 COMEDY IN THE ACADEMYbut this ap
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36 COMEDY IN THE ACADEMYand also a
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38 COMEDY IN THE ACADEMY
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40 COMIC IDENTITYnows, changing voi
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42 COMIC IDENTITYwalks of life to a
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44 COMIC IDENTITYdisease. From this
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46 COMIC IDENTITYineffable folly of
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48 COMIC IDENTITYdancing, juggling,
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- Page 63 and 64: 52 COMIC IDENTITYShakespeare, fairi
- Page 65 and 66: 54 COMIC IDENTITYCastiglione’s Th
- Page 67 and 68: 56 COMIC IDENTITYway of seeing the
- Page 69 and 70: 58 COMIC IDENTITY1990:248). Not onl
- Page 71 and 72: 60 GENDER AND SEXUALITYignoring tab
- Page 73 and 74: 62 GENDER AND SEXUALITYand alluring
- Page 75 and 76: 64 GENDER AND SEXUALITYunderstand q
- Page 77 and 78: 66 GENDER AND SEXUALITYplaying Rosa
- Page 79 and 80: 68 GENDER AND SEXUALITYfinancial su
- Page 81 and 82: 70 GENDER AND SEXUALITYIf the anato
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- Page 85 and 86: 74 GENDER AND SEXUALITYbeen redefin
- Page 87 and 88: 76 GENDER AND SEXUALITYconverse wit
- Page 89 and 90: 78 GENDER AND SEXUALITYsignificance
- Page 91 and 92: 80 THE BODYBEAUTY AND ABJECTIONIn W
- Page 93 and 94: 82 THE BODYOne idea that may help u
- Page 95 and 96: 84 THE BODYexistence in the face of
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- Page 103 and 104: 92 THE BODYin a department store, t
- Page 105 and 106: 94 THE BODYWomen have been systemat
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- Page 127 and 128: 116 POLITICSwho, in their 1944 essa
- Page 129 and 130: 118 POLITICS(Ezrahi, 2001:307). Rut
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- Page 133 and 134: 122 LAUGHTERevidence for his sense
- Page 135 and 136: 124 LAUGHTERdevils to expel, there
- Page 137 and 138: 126 LAUGHTERand the meane that make
- Page 139 and 140: 128 LAUGHTERHere we find the Christ
- Page 141 and 142: 130 LAUGHTERof mutual relation from
- Page 143 and 144: 132 LAUGHTER‘laughter naturally r
- Page 145 and 146: 134 LAUGHTERceiling, it started lit
- Page 147 and 148: 136 LAUGHTERdeferred. For Nancy, th
- Page 149 and 150: 138 LAUGHTERsatisfy their desires a
- Page 151 and 152: 140 CONCLUSIONhuman imperfection. W
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- Page 155 and 156: 144 GLOSSARYcenturies. Commedia del
- Page 157 and 158: 146 GLOSSARYto problematize the ide
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- Page 161 and 162: 150 FURTHER READINGAn extremely acc
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152 BIBLIOGRAPHYErickson and Coppel
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154 BIBLIOGRAPHYDouglas, Mary (1975
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156 BIBLIOGRAPHYContexts and Critic
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158 BIBLIOGRAPHY——(1987), ‘Wi
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160 BIBLIOGRAPHYSynott, Anthony (19
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162 INDEXCavell, Stanley 87-3Chapli
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164 INDEXmarriage 70-77;in British