POLITICS 109ignorance in the minds of the audience by reinforcing it throughintolerant laughter. Turning laughter on bigotry is, however, the mostpositive thing that comedy can do; it should tell the truth, reveal thingsfor what they are, delivering people from the constraints of prejudicialideologies, to become ‘a radical mode of social communication’(Garner Jr, 1999:133). In this credo, entertainment is secondary to theredemptive and revelatory function of the ‘true’ joke. ‘We work throughlaughter, not for it’, he says,It’s not the jokes. It’s not the jokes. It’s what lies behind ‘em. It’sthe attitude. A real comedian—that’s a daring man. He dares tosee what his listeners shy away from, fear to express. And what hesees is a sort of truth, about people, about their situation, aboutwhat hurts or terrifies them, about what’s hard, above all, aboutwhat they want. A joke releases the tension, says the unsayable,any joke pretty well. But a true joke, a comedian’s joke, has to domore than release tension, it has to liberate the will and thedesire, it has to change the situation.(Griffiths, 1979:20, original emphasis)Comedy retrieves a suppressed truth, but not in purely Freudian termsas a means of keeping larger repressions in their proper place, but as arevolutionary force that liberates people from their fear, interrogatesrepression, and converts it into positive political energy. ‘Most comicsfeed prejudice and fear and blinkered vision’, he says, ‘but the best ones,the best ones…illuminate them, make them clearer to see, easier to dealwith’ (Griffiths, 1979:23).Waters’s philosophy contrasts strongly with that of Bert Challoner, atalent spotter for the clubs and the man who represents the way on to thecircuit. His advice advocates conformity to the style: ‘Don’t try to bedeep. Keep it simple. I’m not looking for philosophers, I’m looking forcomics’ (Griffiths, 1979:33). The abdication of responsibility impliedby Challoner’s view that ‘we’re not missionaries, we’re suppliers oflaughter’, or the logic of the argument that jokes are ‘only’ jokes, is theconsumerist fallacy that Griffiths wishes to condemn in this play(Griffiths, 1979:33). Waters sees a direct relationship between racisthumour and the logic of fascism. Recalling a visit to a Germanconcentration camp while in the army entertainment corps ENSA,Waters finds a horrific correspondence between jokes and the brutalityof anti-Semitism. ‘In this hell-place’, he says, he saw ‘a special block,“Der Straf-bloc”, “Punishment Block”. It took a minute to register, I
110 POLITICSalmost laughed, it seemed so ludicrous. Then I saw it. It was a worldlike any other. It was the logic of our world…extended…. And Idiscovered…there were no jokes left. Every joke was a little pellet, afinal solution’ (Griffiths, 1979:64). In this obscene absurdity, that thoseincarcerated in a concentration camp should have a special placereserved for further punishment, as if such a thing were possible, hesees the cruelty of the joke and the perversity of the camp are cutfrom the same cloth, different in degree, but not in kind (Garner Jr,1999:141).Having established the insidiousness of club comedy, one ispresented with the problem of what a responsible, inclusive, andliberating comedy might look like. Act 2 of Comedians tries to thinkthis through via the performances of the students. Here the theatreaudience takes the place of the audience in the club, a device thatrelocates the theatre patrons and places them in, one imagines, largelyunfamiliar surroundings and dares them to laugh at the acts they areabout to see. The first student, Mick Connor, appears to follow Waters’sadvice. His routine is drawn from his background, with material on theCatholic confession, the prurience of priests, and the inconsistencies ofsex and faith. Connor seems at least to be confronting his fears, evenincluding a rather standard joke about the IRA, which in his mouthcomes across as an anxious gag about stereotypes and the violence thatplagues his country. Sammy Samuels, who has already signalled hisambition to play the ‘tops’, begins his routine in similar fashion withcomment on his Jewish upbringing. Seeing Challoner entirely unmovedbreaks his nerve and sends him into a routine that targets the Irish, WestIndians, feminists, homosexuals, and sexual assault. The UlstermanGeorge McBrain follows the same path, although his is marked by adeep misogyny that appears in the refrain ‘my wife, God, she’s a slut’.Samuels and McBrain, predictably, are the only students signed up byChalloner to play the clubs. The centrepiece of act 2, and the entireplay, is Gethin Price’s routine, a bizarre and aggressive act that owesmore to Grock and Antonin Artaud’s theatre of cruelty than to FrankRandle, the northern comic he purports to idolize. Price is clearly themost artistically gifted and ideologically motivated of the comedians,yet he produces work that is dramatically out of place in the club settingand stretches the definition of comedy until it is entirelyunrecognizable. He enters whiteface in denim jacket and boots, ‘halfclown, half this year’s version of bovver boy’ (Griffiths, 1979:48). Theact begins with a piece of mime, setting fire to a violin bow, andcrushing the violin underfoot. His first words sum up the violence and
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COMEDYWhat is comedy? Andrew Stott
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iiiIrony by Claire ColebrookLiterat
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First published 2005by Routledge270
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The Grotesque 83Slapstick 87The Fem
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIn keeping with the
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2 INTRODUCTIONcomic’ is an identi
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4 INTRODUCTIONassumption being that
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6 INTRODUCTION‘Whenever they wax
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8 INTRODUCTIONmeans of opening up t
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10 INTRODUCTIONJokes therefore emer
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12 INTRODUCTIONexperience itself as
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14 INTRODUCTIONrelegation in the hi
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16 INTRODUCTION
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18 COMEDY IN THE ACADEMYWhile there
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20 COMEDY IN THE ACADEMYin the cont
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22 COMEDY IN THE ACADEMYWith the ri
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24 COMEDY IN THE ACADEMYother’ (B
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26 COMEDY IN THE ACADEMYvictory pro
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28 COMEDY IN THE ACADEMYSPRINGTIME
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30 COMEDY IN THE ACADEMYreduction t
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32 COMEDY IN THE ACADEMYlocation fo
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34 COMEDY IN THE ACADEMYbut this ap
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36 COMEDY IN THE ACADEMYand also a
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38 COMEDY IN THE ACADEMY
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40 COMIC IDENTITYnows, changing voi
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42 COMIC IDENTITYwalks of life to a
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44 COMIC IDENTITYdisease. From this
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46 COMIC IDENTITYineffable folly of
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48 COMIC IDENTITYdancing, juggling,
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50 COMIC IDENTITYThe trickster has
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52 COMIC IDENTITYShakespeare, fairi
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54 COMIC IDENTITYCastiglione’s Th
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56 COMIC IDENTITYway of seeing the
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- Page 71 and 72: 60 GENDER AND SEXUALITYignoring tab
- Page 73 and 74: 62 GENDER AND SEXUALITYand alluring
- Page 75 and 76: 64 GENDER AND SEXUALITYunderstand q
- Page 77 and 78: 66 GENDER AND SEXUALITYplaying Rosa
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- Page 81 and 82: 70 GENDER AND SEXUALITYIf the anato
- Page 83 and 84: 72 GENDER AND SEXUALITYThe represen
- Page 85 and 86: 74 GENDER AND SEXUALITYbeen redefin
- Page 87 and 88: 76 GENDER AND SEXUALITYconverse wit
- Page 89 and 90: 78 GENDER AND SEXUALITYsignificance
- Page 91 and 92: 80 THE BODYBEAUTY AND ABJECTIONIn W
- Page 93 and 94: 82 THE BODYOne idea that may help u
- Page 95 and 96: 84 THE BODYexistence in the face of
- Page 97 and 98: 86 THE BODYThey are healthily scept
- Page 99 and 100: 88 THE BODYFirst, movie performers
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- Page 103 and 104: 92 THE BODYin a department store, t
- Page 105 and 106: 94 THE BODYWomen have been systemat
- Page 107 and 108: 96 THE BODYand the pair’s drunken
- Page 109 and 110: 98 POLITICSseems to assume—came t
- Page 111 and 112: 100 POLITICScitizens all insulted i
- Page 113 and 114: 102 POLITICSSecretary Tessa Jowell
- Page 115 and 116: 104 POLITICSIt is the stated positi
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- Page 125 and 126: 114 POLITICSself-centredness of the
- Page 127 and 128: 116 POLITICSwho, in their 1944 essa
- Page 129 and 130: 118 POLITICS(Ezrahi, 2001:307). Rut
- Page 131 and 132: 120 POLITICS
- Page 133 and 134: 122 LAUGHTERevidence for his sense
- Page 135 and 136: 124 LAUGHTERdevils to expel, there
- Page 137 and 138: 126 LAUGHTERand the meane that make
- Page 139 and 140: 128 LAUGHTERHere we find the Christ
- Page 141 and 142: 130 LAUGHTERof mutual relation from
- Page 143 and 144: 132 LAUGHTER‘laughter naturally r
- Page 145 and 146: 134 LAUGHTERceiling, it started lit
- Page 147 and 148: 136 LAUGHTERdeferred. For Nancy, th
- Page 149 and 150: 138 LAUGHTERsatisfy their desires a
- Page 151 and 152: 140 CONCLUSIONhuman imperfection. W
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- Page 155 and 156: 144 GLOSSARYcenturies. Commedia del
- Page 157 and 158: 146 GLOSSARYto problematize the ide
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- Page 161 and 162: 150 FURTHER READINGAn extremely acc
- Page 163 and 164: 152 BIBLIOGRAPHYErickson and Coppel
- Page 165 and 166: 154 BIBLIOGRAPHYDouglas, Mary (1975
- Page 167 and 168: 156 BIBLIOGRAPHYContexts and Critic
- Page 169 and 170: 158 BIBLIOGRAPHY——(1987), ‘Wi
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160 BIBLIOGRAPHYSynott, Anthony (19
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162 INDEXCavell, Stanley 87-3Chapli
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164 INDEXmarriage 70-77;in British