GENDER AND SEXUALITY 63So happy is Orlando to accept Ganymede as Rosalind that he pleadswith Celia to marry them and allow the boy to displace the woman inthe marriage rite. That this was not entirely acceptable in its day isevinced by the early modern opponents of the stage who condemned theerotic lure of theatre practice and considered the presence of the boyplayer to encourage homosexuality. John Rainolds, in Th’overthrow ofStage-Playes (1599), warned that the kisses of boy actors could so turna man that he could be moved to infidelity: ‘If they do but touch men onlywith their mouth, they put them to wonderful pain and make them mad,so beautiful boys by kissing does sting and pour secretly in a kind ofpoison’ (quoted in Orgel, 1997:28). Philip Stubbes’s Anatomy of Abuses(1583) held that public performances, with their ‘wanton gestures’ and‘bawdy speeches’, were a place for men to meet for the purpose offinding a sexual partner. After the play was done, ‘everyone bringsanother homeward of their very friendly, and in their secret conclaves,covertly, they play the sodomites, or worse’ (quoted in Orgel, 1997:29).For Orgel, these anti-theatrical attacks offer three very importantinsights into the connection between sexuality and the early modernstage. Although he emphasizes the ideological extremity of opponentsto theatre, he concludes that their arguments indicate, first, that ‘thebasic form of response to theatre is erotic; second, that erotically,theatre is uncontrollably exciting; and third, that the basic, essentialform of erotic excitement in men is homosexual—that, indeed, womenare only a cover for men’ (Orgel, 1989:17).Billy Wilder’s 1959 film, voted the best comedy of all time by theAmerican Film Institute, brings the cross-dressing theme into thetwentieth century. Some Like It Hot shares many similarities with AsYou Like It, not least the indeterminate and enticing ‘it’ of the title. Thefilm restates the idea that men can adequately replace women, both aswomen and as sexual partners for men, and that femininity does notreside in biological gender or ontological identity, but in ‘feminine’,material supplements to the body such as high heels, make-up, andbrassieres. The film tells the story of two Depression-era musicians, Joeand Jerry, played by Tony Curtis and Jack Lemmon, who witness a mobkilling and are forced to go into hiding. They dress as women, renamethemselves Josephine and Daphne, and join ‘Sweet Sue’s SocietySyncopators’, an allgirl jazz band travelling on an engagement toFlorida. Joe falls in love with the band’s singer, Sugar, played byMarilyn Monroe, which necessitates the adoption of a further identity as‘Shell Jr’, in a ploy conceived in answer to Sugar’s fantasy of a richman in glasses. Joe and Jerry, motivated by the threat of death, come to
64 GENDER AND SEXUALITYunderstand quickly that the authenticity of ‘femaleness’ resides only inthe quality of its performance. For example, when joining the band forthe first time, they struggle with their disguises until they find an exampleto emulate in Marilyn Monroe:JER. (rubbing his ankle) How can they walk on these things? How dothey keep their balance?JOE. Must be the way their weight is distributed. Come on.As they proceed along the platform, a gust of wind sends theirskirts billowing. Jerry stops again and pulls his skirt down.JER. And it’s so drafty. They must be catching colds all the time.JOE. (urging him on) Quit stalling. We’ll miss the train.JER. I feel so naked. Like everybody’s looking at me.JOE. With those legs? Are you crazy?JER. (stopping in his tracks) It’s no use. We’ll never get away with it,Joe.JOE. The name is Josephine. And it was your idea in the first place.…amember of the girls’ band comes hurrying past them, carrying avaliseand ukulele case. Her name is SUGAR…JER. Who are we kidding? Look at that—look how she moves—it’slike jello on springs—they must have some sort of a built-inmotor. I tell you it’s a whole different sex.(Wilder, 1959)Simply wearing women’s clothes seems to accentuate the men’s sense ofessential sexual differences, as well as underline their view of women assex objects. But once given insight into the tricks of the performance,‘jello on springs’ accompanied by a close-up of Monroe’s backside inmotion, they copy it and are successfully assimilated into the band withabsolutely no suspicions raised. The transvestism of the two leadingmen is, of course, foisted upon them, and we are continually remindedthat their cross-dressing is a means to an end, not evidence of a latentfetish. To remind us, Joe and Jerry’s clothing is continually depicted ascostume, complicated and unusual and always requiring adjustment andtherefore risible in its unnaturalness when contrasted with theirfundamental maleness. However, while a masculine authenticity isalluded to beneath the clothes, women themselves remain conspicuouslyfacile. Monroe’s Sugar is portrayed as a stereotype of a certain kind ofwoman. Singing ‘I Wanna Be Loved By You’, Monroe wears a tightdress that accentuates her bosom by appearing to be translucent. Amidstthe ‘conscious heightening as well as dissolving of sexual stereotypes’
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COMEDYWhat is comedy? Andrew Stott
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iiiIrony by Claire ColebrookLiterat
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First published 2005by Routledge270
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The Grotesque 83Slapstick 87The Fem
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIn keeping with the
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2 INTRODUCTIONcomic’ is an identi
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4 INTRODUCTIONassumption being that
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6 INTRODUCTION‘Whenever they wax
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8 INTRODUCTIONmeans of opening up t
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10 INTRODUCTIONJokes therefore emer
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- Page 51 and 52: 40 COMIC IDENTITYnows, changing voi
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114 POLITICSself-centredness of the
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116 POLITICSwho, in their 1944 essa
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118 POLITICS(Ezrahi, 2001:307). Rut
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120 POLITICS
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122 LAUGHTERevidence for his sense
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124 LAUGHTERdevils to expel, there
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126 LAUGHTERand the meane that make
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128 LAUGHTERHere we find the Christ
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130 LAUGHTERof mutual relation from
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132 LAUGHTER‘laughter naturally r
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134 LAUGHTERceiling, it started lit
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136 LAUGHTERdeferred. For Nancy, th
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138 LAUGHTERsatisfy their desires a
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140 CONCLUSIONhuman imperfection. W
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142 CONCLUSION
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144 GLOSSARYcenturies. Commedia del
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146 GLOSSARYto problematize the ide
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148 GLOSSARY
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150 FURTHER READINGAn extremely acc
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152 BIBLIOGRAPHYErickson and Coppel
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154 BIBLIOGRAPHYDouglas, Mary (1975
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156 BIBLIOGRAPHYContexts and Critic
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158 BIBLIOGRAPHY——(1987), ‘Wi
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160 BIBLIOGRAPHYSynott, Anthony (19
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162 INDEXCavell, Stanley 87-3Chapli
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164 INDEXmarriage 70-77;in British