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98Table 2.18: Summary of available methods for pile setup estimationsReference Setup Equation or Method Soil Type LimitationsPei andWang(1986), ( ) - ( )Shanghaiclay Purely empirical Site specific No soil and pile properties Difficult to determine R maxZhu (1988)Shanghaiclay Only predict pile resistance at 14 thday No consolidation effect isconsideredSkov andDenver(1988)( )Clay,chalk, orsand Require restrikes Wide range and non-uniquenessof A parameterLukas andBushell(1989)∑[ ( ) ( )]Siltyclay Challenge with determiningcorrect adhesion factor (AF)unless load tests are performedover timeSvinkin(1996)( )( )Glacialsandysoil Purely empirical No soil and pile propertiesTiti andWathugala(1999)A general numerical procedure using(HiSS)- soil model, strain path methodand finite element nonlinear analysis.Sabineclay Highly technical and complex forgeneral applications by piledesignersWhittle andSutabutr(1999)Svinkinand Skov(2000)A general numerical procedure using strainpath model, MIT-E3 soil model, and finiteelement nonlinear analysis, ( ) -MarineclayGeneralcohesivesoil Highly technical and complex forgeneral applications by piledesigners Require detailed soil tests Require restrikes B parameter has not beenextensively quantified No clear relationship between Band soil or pile properties.Paikowskyet al.(2004)Determine a suitable time for a pile restrikeat when the pile achieves 75% of itsmaximum resistanceClayandgranularsoil Does not estimate pile setup butsuggests time of pile testingKarlsrud etal. (2005)( )( )Clay Assumed complete dissipationafter 100 days is not true Not practical to use R 100Jeon andRahman(2007)A backpropagation neural network (BPNN)All soils Dependent on quality of database Insufficient data