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173diameter smaller than 600 mm). For small diameter piles, the differences betweenthe measured and estimated pile resistances fall within 13% and 16% for 90% and98% confidence intervals, respectively. For large diameter piles, the differencesbetween the measured and estimated pile resistances fall within 29% and 34% for90% and 98% confidence intervals, respectively.4. The analytical study performed based on the test pile ISU8 embedded in a mixedsoil profile concluded that the amount of pile setup was smaller than that expectedin a complete cohesive soil profile. The observed pile setup followed thelogarithmic trend. The amount of pile setup not only depends on the proportionof the cohesive soil layers to the embedded pile length, but also depends on thestratigraphic layers of cohesive and cohesionless soils.5. Pile design recommendations including pile setup application are categorized intosoil investigations, pile setup estimations, and LRFD framework. Because theproposed pile setup method consists two resistance components (i.e., initial andsetup resistances), with which different uncertainties were associated, the conceptof computing a separate resistance factor for each component is recommended inorder to compile with the LRFD philosophy.4.10. AcknowledgmentThe authors would like to thank the Iowa Highway Research Board for sponsoringthe research presented in this paper. We would like to thank the members of the TechnicalAdvisory Committee: Ahmad Abu-Hawash, Bob Stanley, Curtis Monk, Dean Bierwagen,Gary Novey, John Rasmussen, Ken Dunker, Kyle Frame, Lyle Brehm, Michael Nop, andSteve Megivern of this research project for their guidance. Special thanks are due to SherifS. AbdelSalam, Matthew Roling, and Douglas Wood for their assistance with the field tests.4.11. Appendix: An Example of a Practical Pile Design ProcedureDesign a steel-H pile foundation at an integral abutment to support a total 73.15 mlong by 12.2 m wide two spanned, pretensioned and prestressed concrete beam bridge over I-