S - Kam Ng PhD Dissertation Final.pdf - Digital Repository of CCEE ...

18CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEWThis chapter provides a detailed review and background information on dynamicanalysis methods, the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) in pile foundations, andpile setup. The dynamic analysis methods focused in this research project are Pile DrivingAnalyzer (PDA) method, Case Pile Wave Analysis Program (CAPWAP) method, and WaveEquation Analysis Program (WEAP). A historical summary, detailed literature reviewspertinent to these three methods and their reliability studies reported in literature aredescribed in this chapter. Also, a detailed review on pile setup is also included in thischapter.2.1. IntroductionDynamic analysis methods have unique advantages over static analysis methods.One of the advantages is an application in estimating time dependent pile resistance (orcapacity), which is increased by soil setup and decreased by soil relaxation. To measure thechange in pile resistance, the pile is tested using dynamic analysis methods at the beginningof re-strike (BOR) over a specified duration after the end of driving (EOD). Besides,dynamic analysis methods are used to control pile driving, detect pile damage, evaluatedriving system performance, assess soil resistance distribution, and determine dynamic soilparameters. Svinkin and Woods (1998) noted that dynamic analysis methods using the wavepropagation theory were first proposed by St. Venant almost a century ago. In the UnitedStates, the dynamic analysis methods have been progressively developed over the pastdecades. They are now used as routine methods and thus are incorporated into a standardspecification for deep foundations by the American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM) D4945 (ASTM 2008). The historical summary of the dynamic analysis methods isdescribed in Section 2.2. Literatures pertinent to PDA, CAPWAP and WEAP are reviewedin Sections 2.3, 2.4, and 2.5, respectively. Reliability studies on the dynamic methods aresummarized in Section 2.6. Literatures that focus on evaluating the LRFD resistance factorsfor dynamic methods are reviewed in Section 2.7. Finally, pile setup was reviewed in