The Condition of Postmodernity 13 - autonomous learning

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342 The condition of postmodernitysocial division of labour (to list but a few of the many oppositionsthat can be identified). The sharp categorical distinction betweenmodernism and postmodernism disappears, to be replaced by anexamination of the flux of internal relations within capitalism as awhole.But why the flux? This brings us back to the problem of causationand historical trajectory.1·!23The transformative and speculativelogic of capitalCapital is a process and not a thing. It is a process of reproduction ofsocial life through commodity production, in which all of us in theadvanced capitalist world are heavily implicated. Its internalized rulesof operation are such as to ensure that it is a dynamic and revolutionarymode of social organization; restlessly and ceaselesslytransforming the society within which it is embedded. The processmasks and fetishizes, achieves growth through creative destruction,creates new wants and needs, exploits the capacity for human labourand desire, transforms spaces, and speeds up the pace of life. Itproduces problems of overaccumulation for which there are but alimited number of possible solutions.Through these mechanisms capitalism creates its own distinctivehistorical geography. Its developmental trajectory is not in any ordinarysense predictable, precisely because it has always been basedon speculation - on new products, new technologies, new spacesand locations, new labour processes (family labour, factory systems,quality circles, worker participation), and the like. There are manyways to make a profit. Post hoc rationalizations of speculative activitydepend on a positive answer to the question: 'Was it profitable?'Different entrepreneurs, whole spaces of the world economy, generatedifferent solutions to that question, and new answers overtakethe old as one speculative wave engulfs another.There are laws of process at work under capitalism capable ofgenerating a seemingly infinite range of outcomes out of the slightestvariation in initial conditions or of human activity and imagination.In the same way that the laws of fluid dynamics are invariant inevery river in the world, so the laws of capital circulation are consis tent from one supermarket to another, from one labour market toanother, from one commodity production system to another, fromone country to another and from one household to another. Yet
344 The condition of postmodernityNew York and London are as different from each other as theHudson is from the Thames.Cultural life is often held to be outside rather than within theembrace of this capitalist logic. People, it is said, make their ownhistory in these realms in very specific and quite unpredictable ways,depending upon their values and aspirations, their traditions andnorms. Economic determination is irrelevant, even in the famous lastinstance. I hold thiS' argument to be erroneous in two senses. First,I see no difference in principle between the vast range of speculativeand equally unpredictable activities undertaken by entrepreneurs(new products, new marketing stratagems, new technologies,new locations, etc.) and the equally speculative development ofcultural, political, legal, and ideological values and institutions undercapitalism. Secondly, while it is indeed possible that speculativedevelopment in these latter domains would not be reinforced ordiscarded according to the post hoc rationalizations of profit-making,profitability (in either the narrow or the broader sense of generatingand acquiring new wealth) has long been implicated in these activities,and with the passing of time the strength of this connection hasincreased rather than diminished. Precisely because capitalism is expansionaryand imperialistic, cultural life in more and more areasgets brought within the grasp of the cash nexus and the logic ofcapital circulation. To be sure, this has sparked reactions varyingfrom anger and resistance to compliance and appreciation (and thereis nothing predictable about that either). But the widening and deepeningof capitalist social relations with time is, surely, one of themost singular and undisputable facts of recent historical geography.The oppositional relations depicted in table 4.1 are always subjectto the restless transformative activity of capital accumulation andspeculative change. Exact configurations cannot be predicted in advance,even though the law-like behaviour of the transformativeforce can. Put more concretely, the degree of Fordism and modernism,or of flexibility and postmodernism, is bound to vary from time totime and from place to place, depending on which configuration isprofitable and which is not. Behind all the ferment of modernity andpostmodernity, we can discern some simple generative principlesthat shape an immense diversity of outcomes. Yet the latter strikinglyfail (as in the case of the serially produced downtown renewals) tocreate unpredictable novelty, even though the seemingly infinitecapacity to engender products feeds all the illusions of freedom andof open paths for personal fulfilment. Wherever capitalism goes, itsillusory apparatus, its fetishisms, and its system of mirrors come notfar behind.The logic of capital 345It is here that we can invoke, once more, Bourdieu's thesis (above,p. 219) that we each of us possess powers of regulated improvisation,shaped by experience, which allow us 'an endless capacity to engenderproducts - thoughts, perceptions, expressions, actions -whose limits are set by the historically situated conditions' of theirproduction; the 'conditioned and conditional freedom' this secures'is as remote from the creation of unpredictable novelty as it is fromsimple mechanical reproduction of the initial conditionings.' It is,Bourdieu suggests, through mechanisms of this sort that every establishedorder tends to produce 'the naturalization of its own arbitrariness'expressed in the 'sense of limits' and the 'sense of reality'which in turn form the basis for an 'ineradicable adherence to theestablished order'. The reproduction of the social and symbolic orderthrough the exploration of difference and 'otherness' is all too evidentin the climate of postmodernism.So where, then, can real change come from? To begin with, thecontradictory experiences acquired under capitalism - many of whichare set out in table 4.1 - render the novelty a little less thoroughlypredictable than was the case in Bourdieu's encounter with theKabyles. Mechanical reproduction of value systems, beliefs, culturalpreferences, and the like is impossible, not in spite of but preciselybecause of the speculative grounding of capitalism's inner logic. Theexploration of contradictions always lies at the heart of originalthought. But it is also evident that the expression of such contradictionsin the form of objective and materialized crises plays a key rolein breaking the powerful link 'between the subjective structures andthe objective structures' and thereby lay the groundwork for acritique that 'brings the undiscussed into discussion and the unformulatedinto formulation'. While crises in the experience of spaceand time, in the financial system, or in the economy at large, mayform a necessary condition for cultural and political changes, thesufficient conditions lie more deeply embedded in the internalizeddialectics of thought and knowledge production. For it is ever thecase that, as Marx (1967, 178) has it, 'we erect our structure inimagination before we erect it in reality'.
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The Conditionof PostmodernityAn Enq
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PrefaceI cannot remember exactly wh
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Introduction 5theatre, a series of
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8 The passage from modernity to pos
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7IntroductionIf there has been some
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From Fordism to flexible accumulati
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12IntroductionMarshall Berman (1982
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204 The experience of space and tim
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212tThe experience of space and tim
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Table 3.1 A 'grid' of spatial pract
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TypeEnduringtimeDeceptivetimeErrati
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I228 The experience of space and ti
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Page 125 and 126: 15The time and space of theEnlighte
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Page 159 and 160: 18Time and space In the postmodernC
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Page 173 and 174: 21Postmodernism as the mIrror ofmIr
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Page 181 and 182: 352 The condition 0/ postmodernityf
Page 183 and 184: 27Cracks in the mIrrors, fusions at
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Page 187 and 188: 364 ReferencesJacobs, J. (1961): Th
Page 189 and 190: Index 369Adorno, T. 13Aglietta, M.
Page 191 and 192: 372IndexSoja, E. 284Sorel, G. 34Spe
Page 193 and 194: 376IndexIndex 377jouissance 57-8, 9
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