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Gender disparities are still a very strong reality in Mozambique. In recent years, the Government of Mozambique adopted various measures to reduce these disparities, as one of the ways of reducing the high levels of poverty incidence. Latest statistics show that women remain highly disadvantaged, particularly in the area of access to education. At primary level, the disparities have gradually been reduced. The ratio of girls to boys has improved from 0.71 (1997) to 0.83 (2003). The scenario is slightly different at higher levels. For example at the second grade primary level (EP2) and secondary level, the ratio has not registered changes since 1997 (about 0.67). This situation shows that the country is unlikely to eliminate the gender disparities at the primary and secondary levels by 2015. Although the country has been registering improvements in literacy rates, the incidence of illiteracy remains much higher among women than men (68.8% versus 36.7%). This disparity is more significant and sharper in rural areas than in urban settings. In terms of access of women to empowerment and decision making, there are substantial improvements. Mozambique ranks second in Africa (after Rwanda), and is among the top twenty performers in the world in terms of women in parliament whose ratio has been improving positively in the last decades: 16% (1990), 25% (1997), and 30% (2000). Currently there are 35% of women in the parliament following the recent elections of 2004. The new cabinet that was announced in February is led by a woman (Ms Luisa Diogo), who also served as Ministry of Planning and Finance in the last government. Six of the ministries are headed by women and there are 4 women Vice Ministers. At the local government, there are two women governours. Mozambique has been successful in promoting women to decision making positions at the central level, but has not been able to spread that trend to the local government, as can be seen from the very weak level of women participation at the municipal and district governing bodies. Many challenges lie ahead towards the fulfilment of the goals in this area, and these include: Little attention paid to the education of girls; High incidence of HIV/AIDS infection among girls and women; Conflict between formal and traditional education; 129
High education costs (despite the abolition of fees); Security issues, due to long distances to school, sexual harassment and abuse by teachers and female colleagues, lack of female boardhousing; Poor participation of girls and women in technical and professional education, particularly in high demand non-traditional employment areas; and Inadequate institutional support for gender promotion, particularly in the private sector, namely in policy promotion that prioritise gender. Trade, Economic Liberalisation and Development The overall goal of this intervention is to facilitate trade and financial liberalisation, competitive and diversified industrial development, and increased investment for deeper regional integration and poverty eradication through the establishment of a SADC Common Market. We have indicated in section IV of the study that the biggest problem for Mozambique regarding the convergence matrix of indicators include the budget deficit (% GDP) and the percentage of domestic savings rates areas where the likelihood of meeting the targets defined in the memorandum are very poor. Mozambique has signed almost all of the SADC Protocols under Trade, Finance and Investment, namely the protocols on mining, the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation, Standardisation, and Macroeconomic Convergence. The country is committed and is working towards the fulfilment of the requisites for a useful integration. The tariff rates applied to import have been cut down drastically, and according to a recent World Bank estimate, the average tariffs are around 9.4%. The Mozambican financial system is still young, small, bank based, foreign owned and highly concentrated (IMF 2001). Although a great deal of reforms were conducted in the financial sector in recent years a lot more remains to be done, namely in the areas foreign currency management, greater Central Bank independence, payment systems, banking supervision, legal instruments to regulate credit concession, capital markets and insurance, and money laundering prevention 130
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Regional Integration in Southern Af
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2 Impressum Published by Friedrich
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South Africa’s international trad
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Table of Contents Preface..........
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10 10 Concluding Concluding Remarks
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List of Tables Table 1: SADC Countr
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List of Abbreviations ACP Africa Ca
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SQAM Standards, Quality, Acreditati
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five-year period. The Government Pr
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Despite these substantial achieveme
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Labour Market Policy Framework In v
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This made it possible to bring down
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Domestic Domestic Savings Savings (
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Net Net Net Primar Primary Primar P
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Gender Gender Equality Equality and
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Lack Lack of of Economic Economic D
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The SADC ambitious goals and object
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Assegurar o desenvolvimento económ
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população vivendo abaixo da linha
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objectivos da integração regional
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linha com os compromissos assumidos
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1 Introduction O n 25 June 1975, Mo
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2 RISDP Goals and Objectives 2.1 Po
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3. To ensure equitable and sustaina
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implementation of the Trade Protoco
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Liberalising exchange controls on c
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products will be duty-free tradable
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4 Macroeconomic Stability Indicator
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4.3 Current Account The SADC overal
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As illustrated in Table 5.5, in 199
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Keeping inflation at low and stable
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We will focus our analyses on the m
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Central Bank resources as one of th
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Table able 9: 9: Mozambique Mozambi
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Still in the context of fiscal poli
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Additionally, among the variables t
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5.4 Macroeconomic Convergence Probl
Page 79 and 80: tend to increase ownership of long
Page 81 and 82: Despite this structure of the econo
Page 83 and 84: Figur Figure Figur e 2: 2: Composit
Page 85 and 86: Figur Figure Figur e 4: 4: Mozambiq
Page 87 and 88: Table 14 presents GDP growth rates
Page 89 and 90: Table able 16: 16: Gover Government
Page 91 and 92: Mozambique has made remarkable prog
Page 93 and 94: Real exchange rates may change due
Page 95 and 96: infrastructure will improve, the wo
Page 97 and 98: products only beginning this year (
Page 99 and 100: "two stage" transformation nature.
Page 101 and 102: Table able 19: 19: Partner Partner
Page 103 and 104: As for imports, the use by our impo
Page 105 and 106: force behind the build up of debt.
Page 107 and 108: AGOA African Growth and Opportunity
Page 109 and 110: kinds, which kept goods produced in
Page 111 and 112: egarded as the prime suspects for t
Page 113 and 114: 6.16 Impact of WTO Rules The open-e
Page 115 and 116: Creating structures to facilitate t
Page 117 and 118: 6.18 Analysis of Labour Market Tren
Page 119 and 120: Table able 23: 23: Companies Compan
Page 121 and 122: With the operationalisation of vari
Page 123 and 124: Cost-benefit analysis could help th
Page 125 and 126: GNP per Capita/GNI per Capita (in U
Page 127 and 128: 7.1 Analytical Tools Used for Socia
Page 129: The main challenges in the fight ag
Page 133 and 134: Eskom and EDM (Mozambique Power Gen
Page 135 and 136: lowest HDI (0.379). This low level
Page 137 and 138: agricultural products leave conside
Page 139 and 140: side deficiencies, such as poor lev
Page 141 and 142: Where L represents labour allocatio
Page 143 and 144: Import penetration in this sector i
Page 145 and 146: ability to import duty free. A comp
Page 147 and 148: ates have been declining in real te
Page 149 and 150: progress and reforms might be neces
Page 151 and 152: may also occur when there is displa
Page 153 and 154: Static gains tend to focus on the i
Page 155 and 156: Constitution making, democratic ele
Page 157 and 158: monetary policies, financial market
Page 159 and 160: To meet SADC requirements and sell
Page 161 and 162: Mozambique (2004). Removing Obstacl
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Page 165 and 166: List of Tables Table 1: Type of Bus
Page 167 and 168: Table 48: % Have You Attended Works
Page 169 and 170: 60% of Non-State Actors are from Ci
Page 171 and 172: In general the survey allows an ana
Page 173 and 174: actividade, são muito favoráveis.
Page 175 and 176: A constituição de parcerias entre
Page 177 and 178: Data Collections To facilitate the
Page 179 and 180: 62.5% of the companies inquired and
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while four of those strengthen slig
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producers, only answers from Busine
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The regional integration in SADC wi
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Figur Figure Figur e 3 3 -T -Type -
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Table able 5 5 -T -Type -T ype of o
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Table able able 10 10 10 - - Shar S
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Table able 14 14 - - % % of of Main
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Table able 26 26 - - Annual Annual
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Table able 32 32 - - T TType T ype
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Table able 38 38 - - Par Par Partic
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Table able able 42 42 - - % % If If
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Table able 44 44 - - % % Most Most
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Table able 47 47 - - % % Is Is Regi
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216 Copies of this publication can
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