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The simplest and least diverse apertural typesare found in the most ancient unilocular orpseudo-chambered representatives of the classesLagynata and Astrorhizata. Their developmentfrom simple to complicated ones in the differentclasses (following the new foraminiferal macrosystemproposed by Mikhalevich) shows a significantnumber of parallelisms and convergences.In both the lower agglutinated groups and thehigher calcareous members of the classesSpirillinata, Miliolata, Nodosariata and Rotaliata,the evolutionary trends of the apertures are similarwithin the same class, even if those of thelower groups are always structurally simpler andless diversified. These trends continue until allthe possibilities of the pre-existing structures areexhausted. Then, new structures, sometimes affectingthe whole cell organization arise and thepossibilities of morphological changes multiply,leading to evolutionary divergence.2008040320底 栖 有 孔 虫 : 德 国 西 北 盆 地 晚 Valanginian期 长 期 生 活 环 境 变 化 的 指 示 者 = Benthic foraminifera:indicators for a long-term improvementof living conditions in the Late Valanginianof the NW German Basin. ( 英 文 ). Klein C;Mutterlose J. Journal of Micropalaeontology,2001, 20(part 1): 81-95Foraminiferal occurrences in marine sedimentsof Late Valanginian age (Early Cretaceous)are described from NW Germany. Thedistribution patterns of benthic foraminifera arediscussed with respect to their abundance anddiversity. Benthic foraminifera are characterizedin terms of moderate diversity and abundance.Vertical fluctuations in foraminifera contents arediscussed with respect to their palaeoecologyand palaeobiogeography. Benthic foraminifera,which are represented by a total of 101 species,show a gradual increase of diversity throughoutthe Late Valanginian. This improvement of livingconditions in an epicontinental sea over aperiod of approximately 2 million years indicatesa gradual recolonization of the formerlynon-marine semi-restricted basin. The associationsare dominated by agglutinated taxa withcommon Ammobaculites, Ammovertella, Bulbobaculites.Haplophragmoides, Proteonina,Psammosphaera and Reophax. The calcareousspecies Epistomina caracolla. which is extremelycommon in certain intervals, may reach significantabundances. Further agglutinated and calcareoustaxa occur rarely. The early LateValanginian is marked by the occurrence of theTethyan species Cerobertinella subhercynica,reflecting a major sea-level highstand.2008040321Gippsland 陆 架 气 候 温 和 有 孔 虫 生 物 相 : 澳大 利 亚 东 南 新 近 纪 环 境 分 析 = The Recenttemperate foraminiferal biofacies of the GippslandShelf: an analogue for Neogene environmentalanalyses in southeastern Australia. ( 英文 ). Smith A J; Gallagher S J; Wallace M;Holdgate G; Daniels J; Keene J. Journal of Micropalaeontology,2001, 20(part 2): 127-142This study describes the foraminiferal biofaciesof a temperate stenohaline shelf and associatedcuryhaline marine lakes of Gippsland insoutheast Australia. The study incorporates faciesanalyses and interpretations of three types offoraminiferal distributional data: forms alive atthe time of collection, recently dead forms andrelict forms. Four principal biofacies types occur:(1) the euryhaline marine Gippsland Lakes siltsand sands; (2) inner shelf medium to coarsequartz-rich sands and bioclastic silty sands; (3)medium shelf bryozoan-rich bioclastic silt andsilty sand; (4) outer shelf bryozoan- and plankton-richsilts and fine sands.The euryhaline marine Gippsland Lakes siltsand sands contain abundant Ammonia beccariiand Eggerella, with minor Quinqueloculina, Elphidiumand Discorbinella. The Gippsland innershelf biofacies (0-50 m depths) consists of mediumto coarse quartz-rich sands and bioclasticsilty sand. Abundant living, relict and recentlydead miliolids occur in the inner shelf with rareplanktonic forms. Common planktonic foraminifera,with Cibicides, Parrellina, Elphidiumand Lenticulina and relict forms occur in thebryozoan-rich bioclastic silt and silty sand of theGippsland middle shelf (50-100 m depth). Bryozoanand plankton-rich silts and fine sand occurin the outer shelf to upper slope facies (100-300m) below swell wave base on the GippslandShelf. A diverse fauna with common textulariids,Uvigerina, Bulimina, Anomalinoides and Astranonionand rare relict forms, occurs in thisbiofacies. Planktonic foraminifera and Uvigerinaare most abundant ut the shelf break due to localupwelling at the head of the Bass Canyon.Estimates of faunal production rates fromlive/dead ratios and full assemblage data suggestthat the fauna of the Gippsland Shelf has notbeen significantly reworked by wave and/or bioturbationprocesses. Most relict foraminifera.occur in the inner shelf, with minor relict formsin the middle to outer shelf. This pattern is similarto other shelf regions in Australia, whereshelf areas were exposed during Pleistocenelowstand times, principally reworking preexistinginner to middle shelf faunas. Correspondenceanalyses of the foraminiferal datayield a clear depth-related distribution of thefaunal assemblage data. Most of the modernGippsland Shelf fauna are cosmopolitan speciesand nearly a third are (semi-)endemic taxa suit-103