- Page 1 and 2: Krister LundellContextual Determina
- Page 3: CONTEXTUAL DETERMINANTS OF ELECTORA
- Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD“The long and winding roa
- Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS:1. INTRODUCTION 11.1 Purpo
- Page 11 and 12: 5.3 Party System Structure 1635.3.1
- Page 13 and 14: 1. INTRODUCTION1.1 Purpose of the S
- Page 15 and 16: structural circumstances. However,
- Page 17 and 18: major change of electoral system in
- Page 19 and 20: civilian control over the military
- Page 21 and 22: electoral systems before the end of
- Page 23 and 24: 2. CLASSIFYING ELECTORAL SYSTEMSThe
- Page 25 and 26: There are two exceptions to the app
- Page 27 and 28: Ware (1991: 66) point out that ther
- Page 29 and 30: Gerrymandering is defined as the de
- Page 31 and 32: legislative elections have a negati
- Page 33 and 34: occur in systems with a large numbe
- Page 35 and 36: more than one vote per elector). SN
- Page 37 and 38: un-off election between the most su
- Page 39 and 40: given ranking, are set aside. This
- Page 41 and 42: Under the highest average system, e
- Page 43 and 44: concerning the ballot structure in
- Page 45 and 46: Blais, no less than 29 countries, t
- Page 47 and 48: majority-assuring feature, Shugart
- Page 49 and 50: In the third type of independent co
- Page 51 and 52: ather than 5 per cent in distinguis
- Page 53 and 54: Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945-1990
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subtypes: (1) plurality-PR correcti
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Table 2.1. A typology of electoral
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districts. These changes are regard
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superposition is still by far the m
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More than 40 per cent of all electo
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Electoral systems were adopted quit
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3.1 Choosing an Electoral System3.1
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3.1.2 Is There a Best System?The se
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dictatorship, wars, the establishme
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a change of electoral rules is most
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The analysis indicates that four se
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countries are more likely to use a
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socialism and the effective number
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made at the same time, put in concr
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maintain that electoral system choi
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supporting each other. One deals wi
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3.2.3.1.1 Electoral System Design i
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628). Electoral system design is th
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Four specific electoral systems are
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votes of members of rival groups. 1
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policies in Australia, Reilly write
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According to the theoretical argume
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3.2.3.2 Actor-Related ProblemsA stu
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Mozaffar also points out that polit
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make decisions on the electoral rul
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Stanislaw Gebethner also supports t
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According to the theory of party sy
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study. As long as all seats are all
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approaches drives waves of diffusio
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Three variables within the cultural
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and Western Sahara belonged to Spai
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occurred in most parts of the Briti
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When political institutions are ado
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In this sense, external imposition
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constitutional structure in setting
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Lijphart concludes: “…the overa
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3.3 Independent Variables3.3.1 The
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Leskinen 2002). Narrowly defined, h
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score lower than bipolar ones. Cons
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attention not only to the number of
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There are, nonetheless, a number of
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preceded by military rule or other
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well be independent of foreign infl
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SMP-BV is made; i.e. the adoption o
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e weighed together. On the whole, e
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new electoral system is decisive. A
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into Communist, nationalistic socia
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of the federal structure rather tha
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members are called Senators but the
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4. RESEARCH DESIGN4.1 Method and Ma
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inary logistic regression, category
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4.2 PopulationThe unit of analysis
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several countries that do not fulfi
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groups, reasonably free referenda,
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of such diagrams results in the fol
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5. THE RATIONAL PERSPECTIVEIn chapt
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fragmentation as well as from mediu
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Table 5.6. Cultural fragmentation a
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Notwithstanding, table 5.8 returns
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Table 5.9. Country size and elector
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change. More exactly, a subset of c
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observed in e.g. South Korea and th
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had a more fragmented party system
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Nepal (1991), Pakistan (1988), Pola
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of processes of regional diffusion
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6. CULTURE AND HISTORY: PATTERNS OF
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Principe - did not adopt electoral
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former French colonies show the opp
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adopted mixed-superposition in 1992
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1614121086420First electoral system
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6.3.2 Temporal Diffusion - Democrat
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second period, and enjoyed some ren
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proportional systems have been imit
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emerge when electoral systems are c
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test, the association between regio
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Half of the 14 cases during the sec
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adopted mixed systems. The Philippi
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much fewer electoral systems in oth
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7. THE INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE7.1
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comprising the total data sample is
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more related to unicameral regimes.
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8. MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS8.1 On the
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The primary method for dealing with
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e made. As to colonial diffusion, f
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Double-checking with four separate
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Table 8.3. Patterns of diffusion, t
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Table 8.5. Three explanatory perspe
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8.3 Multivariate Analysis - Democra
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Table 8.7. Three explanatory perspe
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chosen mixed and proportional syste
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conducted under the majority rule.
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party system structure, a stronger
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French colonial legacy is also of s
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is limited. The third step in the a
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Proportional systems will continue
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(Bendel and Krennerich 1993a: 359-3
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Libya - SMP 1951Libya held five dir
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Greece - Mixed-coexistence 1956Gree
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Chad - BV 1960The first elections i
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Morocco - List PR 1962Morocco’s C
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Western Samoa - SMP-BV 1963Election
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Paraguay - Mixed-fusion 1967Paragua
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Bahamas - SMP 1973The 1964 Constitu
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Country Democracy Electoral system
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Country Democracy Electoral system
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Country Democracy Electoral system
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Country Colonial Regional Form of T
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Country Colonial Regional Form of T
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Country Colonial Regional Form of T
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Plurality systems - comparison grou
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Proportional systems - comparison g
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Barrios, Harald. 1993. “Dominikan
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Cox, Gary W. 1997. Making Votes Cou
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Freedom House [http://www.freedomho
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Hillebrands, Bernd. 1993f. “Trini
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León-Roesch, Marta and Daniel Samo
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McLean, Iain. 1991. “Forms of Rep
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Rae, Douglas W. and M. Taylor. 1970
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Schmidt, Siegmar and Daniel Stroux.
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Weyland, Kurt. 2005. “Theories of