Reference Manual - IARC Screening Group

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IntroductionInternational Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Working Group onEvaluation of Cervical Cancer Screening Programmes. 1986. Screeningfor squamous cervical cancer: Duration of low risk after negative resultsof cervical cytology and its implication for screening policies. BritishMedical Journal 293: 659–664.International Conference for Population and Development (ICPD). 1994.The Cairo Conference: A Programme of Action for Reproductive Rights?Center for Reproductive Law & Policy: Cairo, Egypt.Jones SB. 1999. Cancer in developing countries: A call to action. BritishMedical Journal 39: 505–508.Kitchener HC and P Symonds. 1999. Detection of cervical intraepithelialneoplasia in developing countries. Lancet 353: 856–857.Londhe M, SS George and L Seshadri. 1997. Detection of CIN by nakedeye visualization after application of acetic acid. Indian Journal ofCancer 34(2): 88–91.Lonky NM et al. 1997. Selecting treatments for cervical disease. OBGManagement (January): 60–70.Maggwa BN et al. 1993. The relationship between HIV infection andcervical intraepithelial neoplasia among women attending two familyplanning clinics in Nairobi, Kenya. AIDS 7(5): 733–738.Magnusson P, P Sparen and U Gyllensten. 1999. Genetic link to cervicaltumors. Nature 400: 29–30.Mandelblatt JS et al. 2002.Costs and benefits of different strategies toscreen for cervical cancer in less-developed countries. Journal of theNational Cancer Institute 94(19): 1469–1483.Massimi P and L Banks. 1997. Repression of p53 transcriptional activityby the HPV E7 proteins. Virology 227(1): 255–259.McDonald C. 1999. Cancer statistics, 1999: Challenges in minoritypopulations. CA—A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 49(1): 6–7.Megevand E et al. 1996. Acetic acid visualization of the cervix: Analternative to cytologic screening. Obstetrics & Gynecology 88: 383–386.Miotti PG et al. 1996. Cervical abnormalities, human papillomavirus, andhuman immunodeficiency virus infections in women in Malawi. Journalof Infectious Diseases 173(3): 714–717.1-18 Cervical Cancer Prevention Guidelines for Low-Resource Settings
IntroductionMitchell MF et al. 1998. A randomized clinical trial of cryotherapy, loopelectrosurgical excision and laser vaporization for treatment of squamousintraepithelial lesions of the cervix. Obstetrics & Gynecology 92: 737–744.Moscicki A and N Jay. 2000. HPV infection in women with HIV disease:Prevalence, risk and management. AIDS Reader 10(11): 659–668.National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). 2001.Workshop Summary: Scientific Evidence on Condom Effectiveness forSexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Prevention. Workshop Report (12–13 June 2000). NIAID: Bethesda, Maryland.Nuovo GJ, R Banbury and PT Calayag. 1991. Human papillomavirustypes and recurrent cervical warts in immunocompromised women.Modern Pathology 4: 632–635.Palank C. 1998. An introduction to colposcopy concepts, controversiesand guidelines. ADVANCE for Nurse Practitioners 6(10): 45–50, 91.Parkin DM and R Sankaranarayanan. 1999. Prevention of cervical cancerin developing countries. Thai Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology11(Suppl 1): 3–20.Parkin M. 2000. Personal communication. Cited in: Preventing cervicalcancer in low-resource settings. Outlook 18(1): 1–8.Rodriguez-Reyes ER et al. 2002. Acetic acid test: A promising screeningtest for early detection of cervical cancer. Analytical and QuantitativeCytology and Histology 24(3): 134–136.Sankaranarayanan R. 2001. Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA):Introduction, Training Issues, Definition of Test Outcomes. Discussiondocument (27–30 March). WHO: Geneva.Sankaranarayanan R and R Wesley. 2000. Unpublished document.Sankaranarayanan R, AM Budukh and R Rajkumar. 2001. Effectivescreening programmes for cervical cancer in low- and middle-incomedeveloping countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 79(10):954–962.Sankaranarayanan R et al. 2004. Accuracy of visual screening forcervical neoplasia: Results from an IARC multicentre study in India andAfrica. International Journal of Cancer 110(6): 907–913.Cervical Cancer Prevention Guidelines for Low-Resource Settings 1-19
Page 1: Cervical Cancer PreventionGuideline
Page 5: TABLE OF CONTENTSPREFACE AND ACKNOW
Page 8: How to High-Level Disinfect Surgica
Page 11 and 12: Table C-2Figure C-1Preparing a Dilu
Page 13 and 14: PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis ref
Page 15 and 16: ONEINTRODUCTIONMAGNITUDE OF THE PRO
Page 17 and 18: IntroductionFigure 1-3. Incidence o
Page 19 and 20: Introductionprevalence areas, a sta
Page 21 and 22: Table 1-2. Reduction in Cumulative
Page 23 and 24: Introductiontheir performance was t
Page 25 and 26: Introductionlesions, or a false pos
Page 27 and 28: IntroductionCompared to other metho
Page 29 and 30: Introductionsignificantly to women
Page 31: IntroductionBelinson JL et al. 2001
Page 35 and 36: IntroductionYlitalo N et al. 1999.
Page 37 and 38: TWOHUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS AND CERVICA
Page 39 and 40: Human Papillomavirus and Cervical C
Page 47 and 48: THREEPATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CERVICAL CA
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Page 51 and 52: Pathophysiology of Cervical Cancerp
Page 53 and 54: Pathophysiology of Cervical CancerP
Page 55 and 56: Pathophysiology of Cervical CancerI
Page 57 and 58: Pathophysiology of Cervical CancerR
Page 59 and 60: FOURTALKING WITH WOMEN ABOUTCERVICA
Page 61 and 62: Talking with Women About Cervical C
Page 69 and 70: FIVEPREVENTING INFECTIONS INHEALTHC
Page 71 and 72: Preventing Infections in Healthcare
Page 79 and 80: SIXCLIENT ASSESSMENT AND VIA TESTIN
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Client Assessment and VIA TestingIN
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Client Assessment and VIA Testingst
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Client Assessment and VIA Testingsp
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Client Assessment and VIA Testingth
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SEVENTREATMENT AND FOLLOWUPBACKGROU
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Treatment and Followupregardless of
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Treatment and FollowupFigure 7-1. L
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Treatment and FollowupTable 7-6. Co
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Treatment and FollowupFigure 7-2 is
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Treatment and Followup• Regulator
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Treatment and FollowupCRYOTHERAPY P
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Treatment and FollowupStep 6 Point
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Treatment and FollowupNote: When CO
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Treatment and FollowupStep 5Advise
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Treatment and FollowupBerget A, B A
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APPENDIX ATESTS FOR CERVICAL CANCER
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Tests for Cervical Cancer Screening
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APPENDIX BSCREENING TEST QUALITIES
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Screening Test Qualities and Their
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APPENDIX CINFECTION PREVENTION PROC
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Infection Prevention Processesfor m
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Infection Prevention Processeswith
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Infection Prevention ProcessesFigur
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Table C-4. Preparing and Using Chem
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Infection Prevention ProcessesStora
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Infection Prevention Processes• h
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APPENDIX DTECHNICAL OVERVIEW OF THE
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Technical Overview of the Cryothera
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Figure D-5. Removing Protector Tube
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Technical Overview of the Cryothera
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Figure D-11. Gas Cylinder Secured t
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APPENDIX ETROUBLESHOOTING WITH THEC
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Table E-1. Following-Up on Commonly
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APPENDIX FPROCESSING SURGICAL GLOVE
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Processing Surgical GlovesTable F-1
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Processing Surgical GlovesSTEP 10:
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APPENDIX GPERFORMING BREAST AND PEL
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Performing Breast and Pelvic Examin
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Figure G-2. Breast Puckering or Dim
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Figure G-5. Checking for Nipple Dis
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Figure G-18. Speculum in Place with
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APPENDIX HPERCEIVED BARRIERS TO PRO
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AVAILABILITY OF BASIC SUPPLIES AND
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GLOSSARYAcetic AcidAcetowhite Chang
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PatulousSquamocolumnarJunction (SCJ
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ADDITIONAL READINGAlliance for Cerv
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