Status of Caribbean coral reefs after bleaching and hurricanes in 2005

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Status of Caribbean Coral Reefs after Bleaching and Hurricanes in 2005643); however, about 10% of colonies of Montastraea faveolata were bleached at other depths.The bleached colonies showed recovery at the coastal site of Cayo Sombrero (BCS), going from26% bleached (n = 196) in November-December to 17% (n = 193). Severely bleached corals(those with more than 75% of the surface bleached) dropped from 11% in August-Septemberto less than 2% in January-February 2006. There was no bleaching seen at the other 3 coastalreef sites in Parque Nacional Mochima, probably because these sites are in the characteristicupwelling area of the eastern coast.The 2005 bleaching event also affected other reefs in Venezuela; however, the peak bleachingintensity was 2 months later than other Caribbean sites to the west and north. Bleachingappeared to start on the oceanic reefs, although coastal reefs were eventually more severelyaffected. The Parque Nacional Mochima was least affected, probably because of the influence ofupwelling and lower sea surface temperatures (23ºC during surveys) compared with the otherreefs (>27ºC). Peak bleaching occurred in November-December 2005. There was no increasein the prevalence of coral diseases or loss of coral cover after the 2005 bleaching at any of the5 monitoring sites.Co n c l u s i o n s a n d Re c o m m e n d at i o n sDuring the Southern and Northern Summers of 2005, the Southern Tropical America regionexperienced the most severe coral bleaching event for decades. Bleaching was widespread,occurring throughout the region from the oceanic reefs of Colombia in the SouthwesternCaribbean to Brazilian reefs in the Western Atlantic. However, the severity of bleaching variedgreatly and bleaching mortality was generally low. Nevertheless, extensive areas of Acroporapalmata and A. cervicornis were killed in a few localities, highlighting that these are particularlyvulnerable species. Some reefs had minor bleaching (e.g. Santa Marta, Colombia and ParqueNacional Mochima, Venezuela), which could be attributable to the seasonal upwelling in theseareas. It is important to understand the differential response to widespread bleaching eventsso that more resistant coral reefs can be conserved to serve as future sources of larvae forrecovery.Ac k n o w l e d g e m e n t sThe Southern Tropical America Node has been supported through the ‘Instituto de InvestigacionesMarinas y Costeras’ (INVEMAR) and the Regional Coordinating Unit for the Caribbean of UNEP(UNEP-RCU/CAR). Additional support has come from: INTECMAR-Universidad Simon Bolívar,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Laboratório de Estudos Costeiros, STRI-Panamá; CIMAR-University of Costa Rica; and agencies from each country (CORALINA, UAESPNN, CEINER,Marine Park of Abrolhos and the International Conservation of Brazil), and CARICOMP andAGGRA. The Colombian Science Fund-COLCIENCIAS, Fondo para la Promoción de la Cienciay la Tecnología del Banco de la República, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Universidad de losAndes-BIOMMAR, Universidad del Magdalena-FONCIENCIAS, Brazilian National Foundationfor the Development of Science, and the Foundation for Development of Science of the State ofBahia (FAPESB) supported activities. Many people provided information or helped in the field:J.C. Vega, J. Olaya, S. Posada, A. Chaves, V. Testa, L. Dutra, S. Spano, C. Sampaio, B. Feitosa, M.Telles, R. Silva, I. Cruz, A.B Neto, S. Marques Pauls, A. Soto, and D. Ancieta.112
The Effects of Coral Bleaching in Southern Tropical America: Brazil, Colombia, and VenezuelaAu t h o r Co n ta c t sBrazil: Zelinda Leão (zelinda@ufba.br), Ruy Kikuchi (kikuchi@ufba.br), Marília Oliveira(mariliad@ufba.br), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Laboratório de Estudos Costeiros, CPGG/IGEO. Colombia: Alberto Rodríguez-Ramírez (betorod@invemar.org.co), Diego Gil (diego.gil@invemar.org.co), Jaime Garzón-Ferreira (anisotremus@gmail.com), María CatalinaReyes-Nivia (macatareyes@gmail.com), Raúl Navas-Camacho (rnavas@invemar.org.co),Nadiezhda Santodomingo (nadiaks@invemar.org.co), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinasy Costeras-INVEMAR. Guillermo Díaz-Pulido (g.diazpulido@uq.edu.au), Centre for MarineStudies, University of Queensland and Universidad del Magdalena. Dagoberto Venera-Ponton(dagovenera@gmail.com), Lenin Florez-Leiva (lenin.florez@gmail.com), Alejandro Rangel-Campo (ajrangelc@gmail.com), Universidad del Magdalena. Carlos Orozco (calotoro@yahoo.com), Corporación para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providenciay Santa Catalina-CORALINA. Juan Carlos Márquez (juancmarquezh@gmail.com), Sven Zea(szea@invemar.org.co), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Departamento de Biología y Centrode Estudios en Ciencias del Mar-CECIMAR. Mateo López-Victoria (Mateo.Lopez-Victoria@bio.uni-giessen.de), Institut für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Justus-Liebig Universität.Juan Armando Sánchez (juansanc@uniandes.edu.co), Maria Clara Hurtado (mar-hurt@uniandes.edu.co), Universidad de los Andes, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratoriode Biología Molecular Marina - BIOMMAR. Venezuela: Carolina Bastidas (cbastidas@usb.ve),Sebastián Rodríguez (sebastianr@usb.ve), Universidad Simon Bolivar, Depto. de Biología deOrganismos, Instituto de Tecnología y Ciencias Marinas-INTECMAR.ReferencesCastellano P, Varela R, Muller-Karger F (2000). Descripción de las áreas de surgencia al sur delMar Caribe examinadas con el censor infrarrojo AVHRR. Memorias de la Fundación LaSalle de Ciencias Naturales 154:155-75.Cróquer A, Debrot D, Klein E, Kurten M, Rodríguez S, Bastidas C, (in press). What can twoyears of monitoring tell us about Venezuelan coral reefs? The South Tropical AmericaCoral Reef Monitoring Network (STA-GCRMN). Rev. Biol. Trop.Cróquer A, Bone D (2003). Las enfermedades en corales escleractínidos: ¿Un nuevo problemaen el arrecife de Cayo Sombrero, Parque Nacional Morrocoy, Venezuela? Revista deBiología Tropical 51(6):167-172.Garzón-Ferreira J, Díaz JM (2003). The Caribbean coral reefs of Colombia. Pp 275-301. In:J. Cortés (Ed.) Latin America Coral Reefs, Elsevier Science.Gil DL, Garzón-Ferreira J, Rodríguez-Ramírez A, Reyes-Nivia MC, Navas-Camacho R, Venera-Pontón DE, Díaz-Pulido G, Sánchez JA, Hurtado MC, Orozco C (2006). Blanqueamientocoralino en Colombia durante el año 2005. Pp 83-87. In: Informe del Estado de losAmbientes Marinos y Costeros en Colombia: Año 2005. INVEMAR. Serie de PublicacionesPeriódicas No. 8. Santa Marta.Kikuchi RKP, Leão ZMAN, Testa V, Dutra LXC, Spanó S (2003). Rapid assessment of the AbrolhosReefs, Eastern Brazil (Part 1: stony corals and algae). Atoll Research Bull. 496:172-187Laboy-Nieves EN, Klein E, Conde JE, Losada F, Cruz JJ, Bone D (2001). Mass mortality of tropicalmarine communities in Morrocoy, Venezuela. Bulletin of Marine Science 68:163- 179Leão ZMAN, Kikuchi RKP, Testa V (2003). Corals and Coral Reefs of Brazil. Pp 9-52. In: J. Cortés(Ed.) Latin America Coral Reefs, Elsevier Science.Rodríguez-Ramírez A, Reyes-Nivia MC (2006). Evaluación rápida del impacto del huracán Betasobre los ecosistemas marinos y costeros de la Isla de Providencia. Pp 87-92. In: Informe113
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Dedication: This book is dedicated
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Caribb
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Status of Caribbean coral reefs after bleaching and hurricanes in 2005

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