Status of Caribbean coral reefs after bleaching and hurricanes in 2005

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Status of Caribbean Coral Reefs after Bleaching and Hurricanes in 2005ASSESSING RECOVERY OF REEFS IN BELIZEThe recovery of Belize’s reefs from the combined impacts of mass bleaching andHurricane Mitch in 1998 were investigated in early 2005 to determine whether no-takeprotection status could accelerate potential recovery (i.e. increase resilience as definedby 4 indices: the abundance/diversity of benthic functional groups; hard coral diversity;coral recruitment; and herbivore abundance). Data were collected in 2005 at 3 highlyprotected sites and 3 reference sites and compared with data collected prior to orimmediately after the 1998 event. There has been little recovery since 1998, with livecoral cover at the 6 sites remaining less than 15%.Because of the high level protection, it was predicted that the no-take reefs would exhibitsignificantly greater live coral cover and juvenile coral densities, and lower macroalgalcover than the fished reefs. However, there was no significant difference in mean livecoral cover and coral diversity between fished and no-take reefs. Moreover, the density ofjuvenile corals was greater on fished reefs and the cover of macroalgae was significantlygreater on unfished reefs.From: Nadia Bood (nbood@wwfca.org), Melanie McField (mcfield@healthyreefs.org) andRich Aronson (raronson@disl.org).2Percent coral cover (300m )4030201001997 1999 20052Percent macroalgae cover (300m )353025201510501997 1999 2005YearYearCoral species diversity (H')1.81.61.41.21.00.80.60.40.20.01997 1999 20052Juvenile corals per m10864202001 2005YearMean UnfishedYearMean Fished50
Status of the Mesoamerican Reef after the 2005 Coral Bleaching EventBelize was attributed to this 2005 bleaching event, possibly because of the relatively late onset,the cooling effects of numerous tropical storms and hurricanes, and possibly because many ofthe corals susceptible to bleaching had died during earlier events. Despite the lack of apparentbleaching related mortality in 2005, coral bleaching remains the major threat to all reefs inBelize; including the most remote and most well-protected (in terms of MPA management).While all nearshore and some offshore reefs are threatened by a variety of chronic local stresses,mass coral bleaching events threaten all reefs and may inhibit the natural ability of bleachingdamagedreefs to recover from repeated bleaching events.Data from the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System (MBRS) Project between early July and lateSeptember 2005 showed the first bleaching on the Belize reefs in mid July with 25% of coloniesaffected. The proportion of bleached colonies increased through August and September.Although no data are available for Belize after September, bleaching was observed in Belize(Turneffe, Ambergris Caye, Glovers Reef, among others) through to mid-November. Not allcorals bleached and most that did were only partially bleached. Bleaching occurred primarilyin colonies of Siderastrea siderea, Montastraea spp., Diploria spp. and Agaricia spp.The extent of bleaching in Belize in 2005 is seen as the number of coral colonies affected in theNorthern Summer. Data provided by MBRS Synoptic Monitoring Program (www.mbrs.org.bz)LocationMonth assessed(n = number of colonies)Colonies Affected byBleaching (%)Belize July (n = 488) 25August (n = 505) 19September (n = 221) 39It may not be coincidental that 2005 was the most active storm season in the Western Atlanticin the past century. There were repetitive decreases in sea surface temperatures, which appearto coincide with the passage of intense storms that probably increased mixing and reducedSSTs. Thus, these storms may have contributed to the relatively low level of mortality of coralsin Belize in 2005. A similar, but less dramatic, hurricane caused similar cooling during the1995 bleaching event.For four intervals between early July and mid November 2005, the average weekly SST inBelize exceeded the 30°C bleaching threshold for corals in the region, resulting in between 1.5and 3 ‘Degree Heating Weeks’ of temperature stress. On each occasion the stress was quicklyreduced by rapid drops in temperature and coincident storm activity. By late November theregular cool winds, the ‘northers’, lowered sea temperatures.Impacts of Hurricanes in 2005: Hurricanes have had a relatively regular impact on the reefsof Belize, but hurricanes Hattie (1961) and Mitch (1998) were exceptional. Hurricane Hattiereduced live coral cover on many reefs by 80%; however reefs subsequently recovered, at leastto some extent. Hurricane Mitch in 1998 did not make landfall in Belize, but the poundingwaves resulted in extensive physical damage throughout Belize, particularly on the Southernreefs. The heavy rainfall associated with this slow-moving storm also resulted in major floodingthat damaged both inshore and offshore reefs of Belize and Honduras.51
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Stat u s o fCa r i b b e a nCo r a
Page 3 and 4: Dedication: This book is dedicated
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Managing for Mass Coral Bleaching:
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Status of Caribbean coral reefs after bleaching and hurricanes in 2005

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