Status of Caribbean coral reefs after bleaching and hurricanes in 2005

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Status of Caribbean Coral Reefs after Bleaching and Hurricanes in 2005Co n c l u s i o nThe coral bleaching/disease event of 2005 added to the historical impacts of other stresses(pollution, over-fishing, physical damage), resulting in major damage to the reefs of theUSVI. Management actions to improve water quality, prevent over-fishing and reduce physicaldamage and overuse may create a foundation for better reef recovery and long-term survival.Au t h o r Co n ta c t sNOAA’s Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, Biogeography Branch: Kimberly Woody,Kimberly.Woody@noaa.gov; Randy Clark, Randy.Clark@noaa.gov; Chris Jeffrey, Chris.Jeffrey@noaa.gov; Mark Monaco, Mark.Monaco@noaa.gov. National Park Service, South Florida/Caribbean Network: Andrea Atkinson, Andrea_Atkinson@nps.gov; Jeff Miller, William_J_Miller@nps.gov; Matt Patterson, Matt_Patterson@nps.gov; Rob Waara, Rob_Waara@nps.gov; Kevin Whelan, Kevin_R_Whelan@nps.gov; Brian Witcher, Brian_Witcher@nps.gov;Alexandra Wright, sasha_wright@partner.nps.gov. National Park Service, Buck Island ReefNational Monument: Ian Lundgren, Ian_Lundgren@nps.gov. US Geological Survey: ErinnMuller, emuller@fit.edu; Caroline Rogers, Caroline_Rogers@usgs.gov; Tony Spitzack, Tony_Spitzack@usgs.gov. University of the Virgin Islands: Tyler Smith, TSmith@uvi.edu.ReferencesCoral Reef Watch. NOAA Satellite and Information Service. 2005. Accessed 19 November 2007.http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/caribbean2005/.Herzlieb S, Kadison E, Blondeau J, Nemeth RS (2006). Comparative assessment of coral reefsystems located along the insular platform south of St. Thomas, US Virgin Islandsand the relative effects of natural and human impacts. Proc 10th Int Coral Reef Symp,Okinawa. 4-2:1144-1151.Jeffrey C, Clark R, Woody K, Menza C, Caldow C, Kendall M, Monaco M (2005). Coral bleachingand recovery observed at Buck Island, St. Croix, US Virgin Islands, October and December,2005. http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/products/biogeography/coral_bleaching/welcome.html.Accessed 20 November 2007.Lundgren I, Hillis-Starr Z (2007) (in review). Variation in Acropora palmata bleaching acrossbenthic zones at Buck Island Reef National Monument (St. Croix, USVI) during the 2005bleaching event. Bulletin of Marine Science.Menza C, Kendall M, Rogers C, Miller J (2007). A Deep Reef in Deep Trouble. Continental ShelfResearch 27:2224-2230.Miller J, Waara R, Muller E, Rogers C (2006). Coral bleaching and disease combine to causeextensive mortality on reefs in the US Virgin Islands. Coral Reefs 25:418.Muller E, Rogers C, Spitzack A, van Woesik R (2007). Water temperature influences diseaseprevalence and severity on Acropora palmata (Lamarck) at Hawksnest Bay, St. John, USVirgin Islands. Coral Reefs. DOI 10. 1007/s00338-007-0310-2.Rogers CS, Miller J, Muller E, (and 22 others) (2007). Ecology of coral reefs in the US VirginIslands. In Regal B and Dodge R (eds), Coral Reefs of the USA. 2007. Springer, in press.Whelan, KRT, Miller J, Sanchez O, Patterson M (2007). Impact of the 2005 coral bleachingevent on Porites porites and Colpophyllia natans at Tektite Reef, US Virgin Islands.Coral Reefs 26:689-693.72
7. Th e Effects o f Co r a l Bl e a c h i n g in t h eNo r t h e r n Ca r i b b e a n a n d Western AtlanticLo u r e e n e Jo n e s, Pe d ro M Al c o l a d o, Yu s e l f Ca l a, Do r k a Co b iÁn,Va n i a Co e l h o, Ay l e m He r n Án d e z, Ro s s Jo n e s, Je n n i e Mallela a n dCa r r i e Ma n f r i n oSu m m a r yzx The effects of bleaching and hurricanes on coral reefs in 2005 varied across theregion and within countries.zx Some countries experienced intense widespread coral bleaching down to 35 m, whilethe effects of increased water temperatures were moderate to low in others.zx Coral mortality rates were low on average; most corals recovered quickly when watertemperatures dropped.zx Greater human and financial resources are needed to monitor and effectively combatthe effects of natural disasters.zx Regular monitoring and analysis of data are essential components of soundmanagement strategies for sustainable environmental management and economicgrowth.In t r o d u c t i o nCoral bleaching during the hot summer of 2005 hit the reefs of the Northern Caribbean(Bahamas, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Turks andCaicos) just as they were recovering from many damaging stresses of the past 30 years. In the1970s, the coral reefs generally had more than 50% coral cover, with large stands of branchingcorals; Acropora palmata on the reef crest, and A. cervicornis on the shallow fore-reef slopes.The first signs of over-fishing of groupers and large parrotfish were evident, but the reefs werepredominantly healthy.The Northern Caribbean reefs were degraded during the 1980s by outbreaks of coral diseases(especially white band disease of Acropora), mass mortality of the main algal grazer Diadema,nutrient and sediment pollution from activities on land, and severe coral bleaching anddamaging hurricanes. Coral cover in most places dropped to 5-10%, and was replaced by fleshyand calcareous macro-algae, with cover often 50-80%. Since then, these Caribbean reefs have73
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