Status of Caribbean coral reefs after bleaching and hurricanes in 2005

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Status of Coral Reefs of the Lesser Antilles after the 2005 Coral Bleaching EventIn 1996, there were 28 coral species on the Saba Bank, with 60-90% coral cover. However,AGRRA surveys in December 1999 recorded only 24% coral cover with the highest cover at 21m depth, and 27.5% dead coral cover. This indicated that disease and bleaching had severelydamaged these shallower reefs.There is limited fishing around Saba and fish populations are considered healthy, but stillrecovering from historical over-fishing. Grouper and snapper biomass continues to rise afterthe establishment of the Saba National Marine Park. About 50 fishers (mostly from Saba) fishon the Saba Bank targeting mainly lobsters, red snapper and conch. There was an intensivegrouper fishery until populations declined.St. Eustatius: The offshore reefs begin at 25 m depth with complex spur and groove formationsthat extend to 60 m. There are steep buttresses on the northern part with 80% coral coverand 35 species. The northern complex has a labyrinth of encrusted ridges, sand channels andhuge encrusted rocks, with a fringing reef on the exposed Atlantic side. The leeward side ismostly a sandy plateau with large populations of Queen Conch down to 17 m. Hurricanes Luisand Marilyn (1995) removed large amounts of sediment from the eroding cliffs and severelydamaged soft corals and sponges; recovery was rapid.There are only 15 full- or part-time fishers on St. Eustatius, who use traps to catch fish andlobsters for restaurants. Yellowtail snapper and grouper are highly prized, but locals eatalmost any reef fish. Spear-fishing with scuba is illegal, but is still practiced. Many conch werecollected until 2001, when regulations were enforced, but some are still taken illegally. Conchpopulations appear healthy, and turtles are protected, although some poaching of eggs stilloccurs despite an intensive public awareness campaign.St. Maarten: Patch reefs with spur and groove structures at 8-18 m depth are concentratednear the east and south-eastern part. In 1999, average hard coral cover was about 30% withbleaching and some diseased corals evident. Hurricane Luis damaged reefs, seagrass beds andbeaches, and re-suspended sand smothered Acropora palmata stands in shallow water, butthese have largely recovered.There are about 30 fishers who use fish traps and other artisanal practices. Fish populationsare still reasonable, although big groupers are uncommon and conch populations have beendepleted.Effects o f t h e 2005 Bl e a c h i n g Ev e n tCoral bleaching was first noticed in the north on St. Maarten, Saba, and St. Eustatius in lateAugust 2005 and continued until mid-November 2005. Around 80% of coral colonies werebleached on these islands in mid-October. Coral loss on St. Eustatius from June 2005 to June2006 was 18% at 15 m depth (coral cover dropped from 24% to 6%) and 11% at 25 m (from26% to 15%). No mortality data are available for St. Maarten and Saba.Bleaching was less common on Bonaire and Curaçao, with bleaching affecting an average of14% of coral colonies during November 2005. No mortality was apparent and average coralcover remained at around 40% at 12 m depth and 30% at 6 m, between April 2005 and April2006.95
Status of Caribbean Coral Reefs after Bleaching and Hurricanes in 2005There was negligible bleaching in 2006 on St. Maarten, Saba, and St. Eustatius and in Bonaireand Curaçao. At Bonaire, 9% of coral colonies were partially bleached in October 2006 (normallythe peak bleaching month) and only 2% were completely bleached. Bleaching (pale and fullybleached) affected only 3% of coral colonies on Curaçao, in early November 2006.35302520151050May-97Oct-97Feb-98May-98Nov-98% BleachingFeb-99May-99Sep-99Jan-00Apr-00Aug-00Dec-00Apr-01Nov-01Apr-02Nov-02Oct-03Apr-04Dec-04Apr-05Nov-05Apr-06Nov-06Survey DateRecords of the average percentage of hard coral colonies that bleached on Curaçao during the last 10years show that bleaching was greatest in 1998 and 2005.Im p a c t s o f Hu r r i ca n e s in 2005The northern islands of St. Maarten, St. Eustatius and Saba are regularly hit by hurricanes,whereas Bonaire and Curaçao are south of the path of most Caribbean hurricanes and are onlyrarely damaged. Thus, the reefs of Bonaire and Curaçao are extremely well developed withvery old and large coral heads. The last hurricane damage occurred in 1999 when HurricaneLenny generated 6 m high waves that struck the lee side of the islands, particularly Bonaire,completely destroying many shallow reef areas to depths of 6 m. In some areas, broken coralheads rolled down the reef slopes causing serious damage at greater depths. In 2004, HurricaneIvan caused minor damage, but Bonaire and Curaçao were not affected by hurricanes in 2005.There was no serious hurricane damage during 2005 on St. Maarten, St. Eustatius or Saba,where regular hurricanes have meant that optimum reef development occurs in deeperwaters.So c i o e c o n o m i c Im p a c t s a n d Ma n ag e m e n t ResponsesNo special management responses resulted from the events of 2005, except that monitoringand surveillance were increased in the MPAs, e.g. in the Bonaire Marine Park, the CuraçaoMarine Park, the Saba National Marine Park, and the St. Eustatius Marine Park. In 2006, natureconservation legislation was passed in St. Maarten to provide legal designation of the St. MaartenMarine Park. This will include the levying of a diver fee, and will enable the well-establishedlocal NGO (St. Maarten Nature Foundation) to manage the intended marine park. Ten years offunding has already been donated by WWF and other Dutch donors to help management untilit becomes financially self sufficient. The NGO employs a park manager and assistant managerto establish moorings, conduct monitoring, and undertake outreach activities.96
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Stat u s o fCa r i b b e a nCo r a
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Dedication: This book is dedicated
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Status of Caribbean Coral Reefs aft
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Caribb
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3. Hu r r i ca n e s a n d t h e i
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Hurricanes and their Effect on Cora
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Hurricanes and their Effect on Cora
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4. Th e 2005 Bl e a c h i n g Ev e
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The 2005 Bleaching Event: Coral-Lis
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The 2005 Bleaching Event: Coral-Lis
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Status of Caribbean coral reefs after bleaching and hurricanes in 2005

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