Status of Caribbean coral reefs after bleaching and hurricanes in 2005

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Status of Caribbean Coral Reefs after Bleaching and Hurricanes in 2005Ac k n o w l e d g e m e n t sThe authors express their appreciation to many people who participated in the 2005 MBRSSynoptic Monitoring Program and the 2006 TNC/WWF Rapid Reef Assessment which provideddata summarized in this report. This involved participants from: Honduras/Guatemala - TourismInstitute GoH, Utila Island, Municipal Unit (Environment Department), Fundary, Fundaeco,Planeta Azul, SERNA-DIBIO, PMAIB, WWF – Honduras; Belize - Belize Audubon Society, GreenReef Environmental Institute, Earthwatch, Wildlife Conservation Society, Friends of Nature,US Peace Corps, Belize Fisheries Department, TIDE, TASTE, MBRS Project, SmithsonianInstitution, WWF-Belize; Mexico - Amigos de Sian Ka’an, TNC, Global Vision International,Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas, SEMARNAT, Centro Ecológico Akumal.Au t h o r Co n ta c t sMelanie McField, Healthy Mesoamerican Reef Initiative/ Smithsonian Institution, Belize City,Belize. mcfield@healthyreefs.org; Nadia Bood, WWF Mesoamerican Reef Ecoregion, BelizeCity, Belize. nbood@wwfca.org; Ana Fonseca, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar yLimnología (CIMAR), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. afonseca@cariari.ucr.ac.cr; Alejandro Arrivillaga, The Nature Conservancy, Mesoamerican Reef Program, GuatemalaCity, Guatemala. aarrivillaga@tnc.org; Albert Franquesa Rinos and Rosa María Loreto Viruel,Amigos de Sian Ka’an, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México. afranquesa@amigosdesiankaan.org;rosa_loreto66@yahoo.com.ReferencesÁlvarez-Filip L, Nava-Martínez G (2006). Reporte del efecto de los Huracanes Emily y Wilmasobre arrecifes de la costa Oeste del Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel’. Departamentode Monitoreo y Vinculación Científica, Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel. CONANP,México. January 2006.Aronson RB, Precht WF, Macintyre IG, Murdoch TJ (2000). Coral bleach-out in Belize. Nature405: 36.Bood ND (2006). Recovery and resilience of coral assemblages on managed and unmanagedreefs in Belize: A long-term study. Master’s thesis. University of South Alabama. 94ppFonseca EAC, Arrivillaga A (2003). Coral reefs of Guatemala. In: Cortés J. Latin American CoralReefs. Elsevier Science. p. 159-169.Kramer PA, Kramer PR (2000). Ecological Status of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef: impacts ofHurricane Mitch and 1998 coral bleaching. Final report to the World Bank.McField MD (2003). Influence of disturbance on coral reef community structure in Belize. Proc9th International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, Oct. 2000. Vol. 1: 63-68.Rodríguez Z (2006). Evaluación de los hábitats pesqueros al Norte del Arrecife Mesoamericano.WWF.The Nature Conservancy (2006). Rapid Reef Assessment of Guatemala and Honduras sites inthe MAR region towards the identification of bleaching resilient and resistant reefs.Technical report. MAR/TNC.Villanueva J (2006). Fisheries Statistical Report 2005. Belize Fisheries Department. Ministry ofAgriculture and Fisheries.60
6. Co r a l Reefs o f t h e U.S. Ca r i b b e a nTh e Hi s t o r y o f Ma s s i v e Co r a l Bl e a c h i n g a n do t h e r Pe r t u r b at i o n s in t h e Fl o r i da Ke y sBi l ly Cau s e yIn t r o d u c t i o nThe extensive offshore coral reefs (patch, offshore bank or bank barrier, transitional and deepreefs), fringing mangroves, seagrass meadows, and hard-bottom areas, are protected as theFlorida Keys National Marine Sanctuary; the third largest marine protected area in the USA.These resources are the basis for the economically important commercial fishing and tourismlocated in south Florida, which attracts more than 4 million visitors who spend in excess of14 million visitor-days per year. Most are snorkelers and scuba divers, as well as recreationalfishers and water sports enthusiasts. Others come to the Keys to relax and enjoy the tropicalclimate of a unique destination.The waters surrounding most of the 1700 islands of the Florida Reef Tract (here called theFlorida Keys), which are arranged in a 320 km (220 mile) arc, were designated a nationalmarine sanctuary in 1990 to stem mounting threats to the health and ecological future of thecoral reef ecosystem. More than 60% of the Sanctuary (9800 km²; 2900 square nautical miles)is in State of Florida waters, and the Sanctuary is managed through a co-trustee managementagreement between the State of Florida and the national government, via the National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).The Florida Reef Tract region is warmed by the Florida Current flowing from the Caribbeanand the Loop Current from the Gulf of Mexico, enabling major reef building corals and reefspecies to inhabit such northern latitudes. The coral reef community of the Florida Keys isvulnerable to both natural and anthropogenic impacts, including: extreme changes in seasurface temperatures; coral diseases; increased sedimentation; exposure to pollution fromthe land; habitat degradation and loss resulting from coastal development; over-fishing; andexcessive visitor use. However, the overwhelming threats to the coral reefs have been coraldiseases and increasing sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over the past 28 years. This thermalstress has been exacerbated by other anthropogenic pressures on the ecosystem.61
Page 1 and 2:
Stat u s o fCa r i b b e a nCo r a
Page 3 and 4:
Dedication: This book is dedicated
Page 5 and 6:
Status of Caribbean Coral Reefs aft
Page 7 and 8:
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11 and 12:
Page 13 and 14: Status of Caribbean Coral Reefs aft
Page 25 and 26: Status of Coral Reefs in the Caribb
Page 35 and 36: 3. Hu r r i ca n e s a n d t h e i
Page 37 and 38: Hurricanes and their Effect on Cora
Page 39 and 40: Hurricanes and their Effect on Cora
Page 41 and 42: 4. Th e 2005 Bl e a c h i n g Ev e
Page 43 and 44: The 2005 Bleaching Event: Coral-Lis
Page 49 and 50: 5. Stat u s o f t h e Mesoamerican
Page 51 and 52: Status of the Mesoamerican Reef aft
Page 63: Status of the Mesoamerican Reef aft
Page 67 and 68: Coral Reefs of the U.S. Caribbean19
Page 69 and 70: Coral Reefs of the U.S. CaribbeanMe
Page 71 and 72: Coral Reefs of the U.S. Caribbeanwe
Page 73 and 74: Coral Reefs of the U.S. CaribbeanSe
Page 75 and 76: Coral Reefs of the U.S. CaribbeanBl
Page 77 and 78: 7. Th e Effects o f Co r a l Bl e a
Page 79 and 80: The Effects of Coral Bleaching in t
Page 107 and 108: 9. Th e Effects o f Co r a l Bl e a
Page 109 and 110: The Effects of Coral Bleaching in S
Page 115 and 116:
The Effects of Coral Bleaching in S
Page 117 and 118:
10. Ma n ag i n g f o r Ma s s Co r
Page 119 and 120:
Managing for Mass Coral Bleaching:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
show all

Status of Caribbean coral reefs after bleaching and hurricanes in 2005

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?