Status of Caribbean coral reefs after bleaching and hurricanes in 2005

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Status of Caribbean Coral Reefs after Bleaching and Hurricanes in 2005A review of the actions identified by tourism operators at the forum, suggests sixstrategies that could be implemented through collaborative industry-governmentsciencepartnerships as a way of preparing for the impacts of climate change on reefbasedtourism:1. Better understand climate change implications for reef-based tourism:A. Develop regional predictions of future trendsB. Assess business risksC. Evaluate potential business adaptation strategiesD. Develop environmental management and engineering strategies2. Integrate climate change into business planning and operations:A. Implement strategies to maintain industry viabilityB. Plan for extreme weather events3. Reduce industry contributions to climate change:A. Reduce greenhouse gas emissionsB. Offset air travel emissions4. Support coral reef resilience to climate change:A. Minimize physical impacts to the reefB. Minimize negative impacts to water qualityCo n c l u s i o n sAlthough coral reef managers cannot directly mitigate climate change, they can takemeaningful actions to support the socio-ecological resilience of coral reef ecosystems toclimate change. This chapter offers guidance to reef managers on strategies for implementingresilience-based management as a response to coral bleaching and other threats associatedwith climate change:zx Identify areas that are naturally resistant or tolerant to bleaching and protect themto act as refugia and as seed-banks to replenish more susceptible sites;zx Reduce local stressors to provide bleached reefs with the best chance to survive massbleaching;zx Protect, maintain, or restore ecosystem condition, biological diversity, andconnectivity to promote recovery at sites that experience high mortality;zx Engage with stakeholders about coming changes to build alliances, knowledge, andinfluence that can help in maintaining socioeconomic well-being and effectivelyadapt management regimes to the new circumstances; and finally,zx Inform climate change policy decisions by assessing the socioeconomic andecological impacts of mass coral bleaching and conveying this information to seniordecision-makers, colleagues, stakeholders, and the media.126
Managing for Mass Coral Bleaching: Strategies for Supporting Socio–ecological ResilienceAc k n o w l e d g e m e n t sWe wish to thank David Obura, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Jordan West, Rod Salm, Joanna Johnson,Nadine Marshall, Billy Causey, Roger Griffis, Naneng Setiasih, Lizzy McLeod, Colleen Corrigan,and Mark Drew for their continued encouragement and thoughtful conversations about howcoral reef managers might meaningfully respond to the threat of climate change.Au t h o r Co n ta c t sHeidi Schuttenberg, Sustainable Ecosystems, CSIRO and School of Earth & EnvironmentalSciences, James Cook University, Australia, Heidi.Schuttenberg@jcu.edu.au; Paul Marshall,Climate Change Response Program, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Australia,P.Marshall@gbrmpa.gov.auReferences:This chapter draws on papers and reports listed below and in Suggested Reading;1. Buddemeier R, Kleypas J, Aronson R (2004). Coral Reefs and Global Climate Change:Potential Contributions of Climate Change to Stresses on Coral Reef Ecosystems.Pew Center on Global Climate Change. http://www.pewclimate.org/global-warmingin-depth/all_reports/coral_reefs/index.cfm2. Cesar H, Pet-Soede L, Westmacott S, Mangi S, Aish A (2002). Economic analysis of coralbleaching in the Indian Ocean-Phase II. In Linden O, Souter D, Wilhelmsson D,Obura D (Eds) Coral Degradation in the Indian Ocean: Status Report 2002 (pp. 251-262). CORDIO & University of Kalmar, Sweden3. Coles SL, Brown BE (2003). Coral bleaching - Capacity for acclimatization and adaptation.In Advances in Marine Biology, 46, 183-2234. Marshall NA, Marshall PA (2007). Conceptualising and operationalising social resiliencewithin commercial fisheries in northern Australia. Ecology and Society, 12(1), www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss11/art115. Marshall P, Schuttenberg H (2006). A Reef Manager’s Guide to Coral Bleaching. Townsville:Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, Australia 163 pp. &on www.coris.noaa.gov/activities/reef_managers_guide/welcome.html6. Obura DO (2005). Resilience and climate change: lessons from coral reefs and bleaching inthe Western Indian Ocean. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 63(3), 353-372.7. Oliver J, Marshall P, Setiasih N, Hansen L (2004). A Global Protocol for Assessment andMonitoring of Coral Bleaching. Bali: World Wildlife Fund.8. The Nature Conservancy and Partners. (2004). R2 - Reef resilience CD ROM Toolkit:Volume 2.0. www.reefresilience.org127
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Caribb
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Coral Reefs of the U.S. Caribbean19
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