Antropomotoryka nr 57 [2012]. - Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego ...

Kazimierz Mikołajec, Adam Maszczyk, Arkadiusz Stanula, Ryszard Litkowycz, Adam ZającWyniki. ANOVA i testy post hoc wykazały, że czynnik treningowy różnicuje bardziej podgrupę realizującą ćwiczeniasiłowe i rozciąganie podgrupy wysiłkowej (odpowiednio p = 0,002 i p = 0,003). Analiza dyskryminacyjnadowiodła, że ​moc anaerobowa, szybkość biegowa 5 m i szybkość biegowa 20 m – to zmienne dyskryminującepodgrupę realizującą program ćwiczeń siłowych. Wyniki analiz post hoc wskazały dodatkowo, iż poziom gibkościto czynnik różnicujący podgrupy GR i GS, a następnie GS i GW (odpowiednio, p = 0,005, p = 0,009 i p = 0,006,p = 0,012).Wnioski. Eksperyment wykazał, że ćwiczenia siłowe, wykonywane nawet z małą objętością, przy braku intensywnychbodźców rozciągających pozwalają na dynamiczny rozwój mocy anaerobowej i szybkości biegowejoraz gibkości, gdy tymczasem intensyfikacja ćwiczeń rozciągających ogranicza przyrost tych zdolności motorycznych.IntroductionModern concepts of physical training for competitivesports are based on the multifaceted disciplineor event-specific fitness preparation, that assumesexercise periodization and pays special attention tothe calendar of sports events (competitions), correctlyselected exercise volume and intensity, as well as toperiodic change of training means and methods. Theterm “physical training” has been replaced today with“physical preparation systems or programs” for athletes.These programmes are characterized by appropriatelybalanced proportions of exercises developingathletes’ muscle strength, power, speed, coordination,agility, flexibility, local anaerobic endurance, as well asaerobic endurance. Because the proportions shouldclosely correspond to the physical effort during anevent, special training programmes have been developedfor each discipline, which additionally addressathlete’s age, sex, training experience and the trainingand competition circumstances.In team sports fitness training is also frequently adjustedto players’ positions on court and their respectivetasks.A major methodological and training problem incompetitive sports is posed by the need to determinehow stretching exercises performed in the warm-upphase, as part of the main phase of a training unit,or before the competition affect athletes’ speed andstrength [1].This knowledge is critical in the case of sprints andathletics jumps, combat sports and team games characterizedby dynamic movements, such as volleyball,hockey or basketball.It has been still a matter of controversy whetherstretching exercises improve speed and muscle contractionforce, or whether they rather deteriorate them.Following Kerner and D‘Amico’s opinions [2], mostathletes do stretching exercises before a training unit oran event. Evidence has been appearing, though, thatnot only do stretching exercises done before an eventnot protect the athlete from injuries, but they also havea negative effect on their performance.As suggested by Witvrouw [3], stretching exercisesmay fulfil their protective role in sports involving dynamictake-offs and rapid changes in movement directions,such as soccer, volleyball and basketball. This opinionwould be justified, if a stretched muscle was capable ofabsorbing larger amounts of energy.Many studies have shown that stretching exerciseshave a positive effect on muscle contraction speedand force, thus improving parameters such as take-offspeed and absolute speed [4, 5, 6], jumping ability [7,8, 9], balance and the reaction time [10, 11], as well aspower [12].Other authors are of the opinion that intensivestretching reduces maximal strength, the height ofa vertical jump, take-off speed and absolute speed.The data they present lead to a rational conclusion thatthis type of exercises should not be done before verydynamic physical activity [13, 14, 15, 16].While the aspects of muscle strength and powerdevelopment are relatively well-covered in the literatureand the opinions on the effectiveness of particulartraining means and methods are quite consistent,the methodology which is employed to develop flexibilityand the actual stretching effects on athlete’sperformance stir many controversies. A common positionon how stretching exercises contribute to injuryprevention, physical fitness and athletic performancein the power and speed sports and those requiringtechnique and coordination has not been adopted yet[17, 18, 19].Intensive stretching damages contractile proteins inthe skeletal muscles, as well as the muscles’ ability toregenerate after effort.This study sought answers to the following questions:– 18 –