Antropomotoryka nr 57 [2012]. - Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego ...

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Long-term trends in changes of physical fitness defined in the concept of health (h-rf) in light of results...in two articles in “<strong>Antropomotoryka</strong>” [1, 9]. The first articlepresented a T-scale developed separately for girlsand boys attending primary and secondary schoolsin three voivodeships, Malopolska, Podkarpackie andŚwiętokrzyskie, with no division into the categories ofplace of residence, while the second paper includedthe preliminary observations regarding the influenceof urban conditions on the development and fitness ofchildren and adolescents.In clarifying the studied problems of this research, itshould be noted that on the basis of the collected materials,and by utilizing suitable tools and techniques,the following research questions were attempted to beanswered by using a sufficiently large normalizationsample:1. Can the proposed development of a ten scale(T-scale) be a good tool for studying the specificityof long-term trends of changes in the components ofphysical fitness, studied in the health convention?2. Does the scope of inter-generational changes inthe population of children and adolescents fromsoutheast Poland create a premise for updating thetables of the T-scale?Materials and methodsAccording to research methodology, a researcher whointends to prepare the development norms and pointscales while performing the measurements with a certaintool is obliged to take into account results obtainedin a sufficiently large normalization sample that is derivedfrom a population from which the people using theresults originate. The percentage composition of thenormalization sample in our study reflected the structureof the studied population with regards to sex, age,place of residence, and education. In this paper as wellas the 2005 publication [1], it was sought to maximizethe number of assessed girls and boys when selectingthe research materials. Therefore, the results of thestudies of the girls and boys aged 8–18 years that werecollected from 2002 to 2011 were compared with thematerials collected from 1993 to 2002. Observationsincluded students in southeastern Poland attendingprimary and secondary schools and living in villagesand cities found in the Malopolska, Podkarpackie andŚwiętokrzyskie voivodeships. In the past decade, a totalof 11,520 research cards – 5,390 for girls and 6,130for boys – were collected (see Table 1).The collected materials were divided into 11 agegroups, separately for both sexes. Chronological agewas an indicator of division: for example, girls around10 years and 6 months old and girls around 11 yearsand 5 months old were classified into a group of 11-year-olds.The study considered the results of the evaluationof basic somatic features, morphological and functionalindices, and motor abilities that were proposed in2005 [1] according to suggestions connected with thepopularization of the concept of heath-related fitness(H-RF), linking physical activity to health [10, 11], whichhas taken place in Poland.A. Morphological fitness• HEIGHT – Body height.• MASS – Body mass.• BMI – Body Mass Index (Quetelet Index) [12].B. Musculoskeletal fitness• LBM – Lean body mass (difference between thetotal body weight and the content of the “passive”body fat, calculated from the percentage of fat in thebody mass); this content can be estimated by usingthe following:• ∑ T+S – Sum of 2 skin folds on triceps muscle ofarm and subscapular muscle [13].• PF – Percentage of fat. The calculations were basedon the regression equations of Slaughter et al. [14]• FLEXIBILITY – A forward bend test according toEurofit [15] IB.C. Metabolic fitness• VO 2max · kg –1 – Maximum oxygen consumptionAs modified by Januszewski [16], the Margaria test[17] was applied in the assessment.Table 1. The number of students studied each year divided into girls (♀) and boys (♂)Age 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18Sex ♀ 250 290 614 723 718 583 535 670 424 397 186Sex ♂ 255 405 550 749 842 781 738 736 417 501 156– 91 –
Jerzy Januszewski, Edward MleczkoD. Motor fitness• JUMP – Dynamic strength of muscular contractionin lower extremities. Standing board jump usingboth feet test according to Eurofit [15].• THROW – A backward overhead 1 kg medicineball throw test. A test to assess dynamic strength ofmuscular contraction in upper extremities and trunkaccording to Eurofit [6,7].• R-50 – Time of 50 m run from a standing start position(running speed).• TAPPING – Frequency of upper extremity movement.Plate tapping test. Time of 15 cycles in Eurofittest [15] modified by Szopa et al. [18].• ORIENTATION – Space orientation. Duration of 49tasks recorded in “free” series on AKN-102 crossdevice.E. Cardio-respiratory fitness• R-1000 – Time of 1,000 m run. A trial evaluatingrunning endurance according to the rules of runplay by Mleczko called “Punctual train,” i.e., runningten times along the perimeter of a square with sidesmeasuring 25 m [19,20].−The material collected in the course of the measurementsand tests has been developed using the basicstatistical methods [21]. The following were calculatedfor the age groups (aged 8 to 18 years) of both sexesand for each variable:− arithmetic mean (Me), standard deviation (SD), coefficientof variation (V) and extreme values (minmax);weighted arithmetic means and dispersion indicesfor the whole material, regardless of the age of thesubjects, separately for girls and boys, were calculatedfrom the obtained data;− the above findings of the last decade (2002–2011)were contrasted with the results of similar observationsfrom 1993–2002, which are presented inTable 2. The highlighted differences between thecompared weighted means were evaluated usingthe previously developed T-scale [1];−as a result of this comparison, the discrepancies(especially among boys) were revealed, which contributedto modification of the T-scale in existencesince 2005 (according to the rules: Me ± 5 SD; Me= 50 points; 1 point = 0.1 SD) [14]. These data weresummarized in Tables 3 and 4. Using the data fromthese tables allows for the absolute results measuredon different scales (in: kg, cm, ml and s) to becalculated, and then expressed in points from 0 to100, thus normalizing and comparing them.The resulting differences between the weightedmeans after verification at 0 and 1, and also with theT-scores on the 2005 scale, were considered statisticallysignificant with a significance level of at least 5%(p ≤ .05) [22].ResultsThe comparison of the arithmetic means of both sexesfrom 1993–2002 (A) and 2002–2011 (B), as seen inTable 2, allows the size of differences and their directionexpressed in different units of measurement to beshown. In assessing the development – possibly eitherregression or stabilization – of the various componentsof fitness, which we assigned to the idea of H-RF, itshould be emphasized that with a few exceptions therewas a smaller or larger increase in the weighted meansin favor of the studies of the last decade. They concernthe small values of the Quetelet Index (R = –0.31 kg/m 2 )and the 50 m run (–0.32 s) by 1 and 3 points on T-scale,respectively, and the stabilization of body mass (–0.01kg) in girls and flexibility (–0.24 cm) and oxygen consumption(–0.16 ml/kg) in boys.Moreover, it was observed that parallel, decreasingstandard deviation values (SD) and dispersion indices(V) did not exceed 20% Me in almost all kinds of fitnessreductions, with two exceptions: the overhead 2 kg medicineball throw and spatial orientation (ORIENTATION)in girls and boys in both study periods.These development trends (in assessing theT-scores on the 2005 scale) indicate the significant increasesin morphological fitness: body height (HIGHT),mass (MASS), and active tissue (LBM) in musculoskeletalfitness (for boys only) – by 4 points respectively,and (for both sexes) in 1000 m run – 6 points ♀ and 11points ♂ in cardio-pulmonary fitness and spatial orientation(ORIENTATION) – 10 points ♀ and 7 points ♂ inmotor fitness of a coordinating nature. Other variablesare less progressive (by three and two points). For girls,they include: TAPPING, LBM, HEIGHT, FLEXIBILITYand JUMP; for boys: TAPPING, THROW and JUMPonly with a rating 2.Thanks to the above findings, it was decided to developa revised T-scale, the figures of which are givenin Tables 3 and 4. Based on the presented values and– 92 –
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Antropomotoryka nr 57 [2012]. - Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego ...

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