Antropomotoryka nr 57 [2012]. - Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego ...

Jerzy Januszewski, Edward MleczkoD. Motor fitness• JUMP – Dynamic strength of muscular contractionin lower extremities. Standing board jump usingboth feet test according to Eurofit [15].• THROW – A backward overhead 1 kg medicineball throw test. A test to assess dynamic strength ofmuscular contraction in upper extremities and trunkaccording to Eurofit [6,7].• R-50 – Time of 50 m run from a standing start position(running speed).• TAPPING – Frequency of upper extremity movement.Plate tapping test. Time of 15 cycles in Eurofittest [15] modified by Szopa et al. [18].• ORIENTATION – Space orientation. Duration of 49tasks recorded in “free” series on AKN-102 crossdevice.E. Cardio-respiratory fitness• R-1000 – Time of 1,000 m run. A trial evaluatingrunning endurance according to the rules of runplay by Mleczko called “Punctual train,” i.e., runningten times along the perimeter of a square with sidesmeasuring 25 m [19,20].−The material collected in the course of the measurementsand tests has been developed using the basicstatistical methods [21]. The following were calculatedfor the age groups (aged 8 to 18 years) of both sexesand for each variable:− arithmetic mean (Me), standard deviation (SD), coefficientof variation (V) and extreme values (minmax);weighted arithmetic means and dispersion indicesfor the whole material, regardless of the age of thesubjects, separately for girls and boys, were calculatedfrom the obtained data;− the above findings of the last decade (2002–2011)were contrasted with the results of similar observationsfrom 1993–2002, which are presented inTable 2. The highlighted differences between thecompared weighted means were evaluated usingthe previously developed T-scale [1];−as a result of this comparison, the discrepancies(especially among boys) were revealed, which contributedto modification of the T-scale in existencesince 2005 (according to the rules: Me ± 5 SD; Me= 50 points; 1 point = 0.1 SD) [14]. These data weresummarized in Tables 3 and 4. Using the data fromthese tables allows for the absolute results measuredon different scales (in: kg, cm, ml and s) to becalculated, and then expressed in points from 0 to100, thus normalizing and comparing them.The resulting differences between the weightedmeans after verification at 0 and 1, and also with theT-scores on the 2005 scale, were considered statisticallysignificant with a significance level of at least 5%(p ≤ .05) [22].ResultsThe comparison of the arithmetic means of both sexesfrom 1993–2002 (A) and 2002–2011 (B), as seen inTable 2, allows the size of differences and their directionexpressed in different units of measurement to beshown. In assessing the development – possibly eitherregression or stabilization – of the various componentsof fitness, which we assigned to the idea of H-RF, itshould be emphasized that with a few exceptions therewas a smaller or larger increase in the weighted meansin favor of the studies of the last decade. They concernthe small values of the Quetelet Index (R = –0.31 kg/m 2 )and the 50 m run (–0.32 s) by 1 and 3 points on T-scale,respectively, and the stabilization of body mass (–0.01kg) in girls and flexibility (–0.24 cm) and oxygen consumption(–0.16 ml/kg) in boys.Moreover, it was observed that parallel, decreasingstandard deviation values (SD) and dispersion indices(V) did not exceed 20% Me in almost all kinds of fitnessreductions, with two exceptions: the overhead 2 kg medicineball throw and spatial orientation (ORIENTATION)in girls and boys in both study periods.These development trends (in assessing theT-scores on the 2005 scale) indicate the significant increasesin morphological fitness: body height (HIGHT),mass (MASS), and active tissue (LBM) in musculoskeletalfitness (for boys only) – by 4 points respectively,and (for both sexes) in 1000 m run – 6 points ♀ and 11points ♂ in cardio-pulmonary fitness and spatial orientation(ORIENTATION) – 10 points ♀ and 7 points ♂ inmotor fitness of a coordinating nature. Other variablesare less progressive (by three and two points). For girls,they include: TAPPING, LBM, HEIGHT, FLEXIBILITYand JUMP; for boys: TAPPING, THROW and JUMPonly with a rating 2.Thanks to the above findings, it was decided to developa revised T-scale, the figures of which are givenin Tables 3 and 4. Based on the presented values and– 92 –