Antropomotoryka nr 57 [2012]. - Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego ...

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Stretching and strength exercises in relation to running speed and anaerobic power in basketball players5-meter and 20-meter running speed, take-off velocity,take-off height and work at take-off). In the post hoctests, “final measurement” was a factor that differentiatedthe subgroups statistically significantly. The “trainingfactor” distinguished more clearly the strength exercisesubgroup and the stretching exercise subgroup(p = 0.002 and p = 0.003, respectively).The discriminant analysis clearly showed that power(Wilks’ lambda 0.034 and p = 0.006), 5-meter runningspeed (Wilks’ lambda 0.038 and p = 0.004) and 20-meterrunning speed (Wilks’ lambda 0.041 and p = 0.006)were variables that distinguished the strength exercisesubgroup.The analysis of the mean raw data obtained fromthe measurements made before and after the experimentindicated that:• In the strength exercise subgroup– average power increased (p < 0.01; see Fig. 1);– average take-off speed for 5 meters grew significantly(see Fig. 2);– absolute running speed for 20 meters improvedas well (p < 0.01; see Fig. 3).• In the stretching exercise and control groups statisticallysignificant differences between the pre- andpost-measurement data did not occur.The next stage of the study aimed to evaluatechanges in the flexibility of lower extremities in particularsubgroups.The results of the Repeated Measures ANOVA providedgrounds for rejecting the hypothesis of homogeneityof variance in the subgroups. The post hoc testspointed the level of flexibility as a factor that differentiatedthe subgroups statistically significantly. This factordiscriminated more clearly subgroups GR and GS,and then GS and GC by (p = 0.005, p = 0.009 and p =0.006, p = 0.012, respectively).In the discriminant analysis, though, variables“forward bend” (Wilks’ lambda 0.023 and p = 0.009)and “sagittal flexibility” (Wilks’ lambda 0.036 and p =0.011) were clearly indicated as discriminating, again,the strength exercise group. The baseline vector R0and then R1 representing an optimal combination ofthe variables (from the set of all speed and anaerobicpower parameters analysed in the study) pointed tothree independent variables (the vertical jump height,work at take-off and the running step length) as beingstatistically significantly related to the successivelyanalysed dependent variables, i.e. forward bend, flexibilityin the sagittal plane, and flexibility in the frontalplane.Figure 2. The mean value of velocity at 5 meters before and after– 21 –
Kazimierz Mikołajec, Adam Maszczyk, Arkadiusz Stanula, Ryszard Litkowycz, Adam ZającFigure 3. The mean value of velocity at 20 meters before and afterThe regression analysis showed that the DKB variable(running step length) was a statistically significantpredictor both in the sagittal flexibility model:GKDS = 36.03+0.05DKB ± 0.321(4.233) (0.015)and in the forward bend model:SRT = 26.45+0.12DKB ± 0.121(3.651) (0.231)The other independent variables were not enteredinto the models. The third regression model did not revealany statistically significant predictors for “frontalflexibility”.DiscussionThe research problem analysed herein seems extremelyimportant from the cognitive perspective, buteven more so regarding its bearing on competitivesports. The study aimed to establish how stretchingand resistance exercises, as well as the absence ofthese training stimuli, affect changes in the motor abilities,flexibility and anaerobic power of young basketballplayers going through a period of dynamic biologicaldevelopment (aged 15–16 years).In the subgroup, whose training programme containedsome elements of resistance exercise, all variablesshowing the levels of speed ability and the powerof lower extremities significantly improved. This isconsistent with the findings of other authors who havedemonstrated a positive effect of dynamic strengthexercises with low or moderate loads (weight vests,medicine balls) or free weights (barbells, dumb-bells),done at maximum speed, on vertical jumping ability.The exercises’ effectiveness is explained by increasedrigidity of the Achilles tendon, stronger reflexive contractionof muscle spindles after the eccentric phase ofmotion and weaker inhibitory reflex from the Golgi tendonorgans. These changes enable increased rate offorce development (RFD) that seems to be a key factorin improving jumping ability through resistance training[17, 18, 19, 20].In examining the measurement and analytical dataon the young basketball players special attention shouldbe paid to the vertical jump, whose height improved by– 22 –
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