Antropomotoryka nr 57 [2012]. - Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego ...

Václav Buncenergy output in adults ranged from 1020 kcal (4264 kJ)to 2250 kcal (9045 kJ); mean: 1500 ± 290 kcal (6270± 1212 kJ).Results of the intervention with this energy contentwere presented in Tables 1–2. Majority of followedvariables were better after the intervention programmethan at the start of evaluation.In children we assess the effect of walking interventionin subjects differing in body mass state. Movementprogram developed among children with normal bodymass concerned energy content ranged from 1360 kcal(5685 kJ) to 2620 kcal (10952 kJ); mean: 1980 ± 310kcal (8276 ± 1296 kJ).In overweight children energy content ranged from1650 kcal (6897 kJ) to 2310 kcal (9656 kJ); mean:1920 ± 230 kcal (8026 ± 960 kJ), and in children withobesity energy content ranged from 1940 kcal (8109 kJ)to 2550 kcal (9045 kJ); mean: 2260 ± 290 kcal (9447± 1212 kJ).Results of these interventions are inserted in Tables3–4. The changes of majority variables are presentedin relative description non-dependent on body massstate, which means that the walking program causespractically the same changes in BC and in physical fitnessstate. Of course the above values, recalculatedsuitably to body mass, were worse in subjects withhigher body mass.The proportion between the ECM and BCM ratiomay be used to identify fluid imbalance or malnutritionand/or to assess the predispositions for muscular work.The term “malnutrition” refers to the loss of structuralbody components, which is most accurately reflectedby the BCM and an increase of the ECM [44].The use of ECM/BCM for evaluation of physical exercisepredispositions was confirmed by the significantdependence of VO 2maxon this variable. The relationshipbetween VO 2maxand physical performance was oftenpresented in literature [e.g. 41]. In our group of subjectsthis dependence was significant too (ranged from r =0.792, p < 0.01 in seniors to r = 0.720, p < 0.01 in children).In practice this coefficient could be used as oneof important criterions for exercise program efficiency.The significant positive ECM/BCM dependence onage could be helpful for assessment of actual developmentstate – biological age in seniors. In actual case wecompare real value of ECM/BCM with value that wascalculated according to general relationship that is truefor senior women.In normal subjects of middle age, ECM/BCM ratiosare recorded between 0.75 and 1.00. Deviations fromsuch figures toward higher values are due either to theerosion of BCM (catabolism) or to fluid expansion in extracellularspaces (edema). In the case of dehydration,we can observe the opposite phenomenon where theECM/BCM ratio is reduced [44]. Because the diet of followedsubject remained practically without any significantalterations during the whole 6-month period, thesignificant increase in both FFM and BCM was probablycaused by imposed training program.The changes in VO 2maxinduced by endurance walkingprogram were practically consistent with thoseregistered by Proper et al. [49], who found in group ofsenior men and women of similar age a 14% increasein aerobic fitness, and significant increase in FFM, andsignificant decrease in BF and total body mass. Theseresults were confirmed by our data but the changes inBC variables were not so high.There was clear evidence to show that the magnitudeof the increase in VO 2maxwas dependent on totalenergy expenditure of exercise, and thus on frequency,and duration of exercise. As previous investigationshave shown, the improvement is in direct proportion tothe number of weekly sessions [42, 49]. According tothe results of previous studies, VO 2maxas measured eitherin laboratory or in field was generally improved duringthe first months of conscription among non-trainedsubjects [46].The minimum training energy expenditure, requiredto maintain an elevated VO 2max, was not clearly established.For example the most recent ACSM prescriptionguidelines [50] recommended minimal energy expenditureof 300 kcal per exercise session performedthree days a week or 200 kcal per exercise sessionperformed four days per week.Adequate energy output had its effect both on thepresence and on the absence of other influences, andthe beneficial relationship continues with advancingage.ConclusionPhysical activities based on walking could be implementedwithout having to visit special sports facilitiesand often expensive equipment. A major advantage isthat it could be implemented in virtually any weather atthe time acceptable by the individual. Walking could berealized either as an individual activity or as a groupactivity [51]. It is also essential that walking could berealized within the family as a joint activity of children,parents and grandparents. It should be also noted that– 70 –