Antropomotoryka nr 57 [2012]. - Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego ...

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Walking as a tool of physical fitness and body composition influenceactivity programs carried out by the Faculty of PhysicalEducation and Sports, Charles University in Prague. Theresearch was performed on subjects residing in the areaof Prague, without objective internal limitation. Before theparticipation in this study, all researched individuals weresubjected to the medical evaluation and dynamical assessmentof ECG and blood pressure that was conductedby a physician one week before the start of the program.Selected anthropometrical and maximal functionalvariables are collected in Tables 1–3.Before the beginning of each movement diagnosticsit was necessary to verify the movement ability of subjects(whether the particular subject was able to performthe movement activity that would be under assessment).This process could be divided in two parts [41]:– s k i l l s : the level of movements decisive for diagnosticsevaluation and resulted from absolved training,– m u s c l e s s t a t e (morphological, strength,etc.): strongly dependent on genetic predispositionsbut under the influence of imposed training.The maximal functional variables were determinedon a treadmill with the slope of 5% during a progressivewalking test until subjective exhaustion. The initialTable 1. Selected anthropometric and functional variables collected before and after a movement intervention in adultsBM (kg)BM (%)FFM (kg)FFM (%)BF abs(%)BF rel(%)BCM (kg)BCM (%)ECM/BCMECM/BCM (%)Variables Before After79.1 ± 7.910064.0 ± 3.810019.1 ± 3.110035.2 ± 3.71000.82 ± 0.0310075.6 ± 7.8*95.6 ± 4.6*65.4 ± 6.7*102.0 ± 5.2*15.9 ± 2.8**83.2 ± 3.1**37.0 ± 2.8*105.1 ± 2.7**0.78 ± 0.02**95.2 ± 3.2**HR max(b · min –1 ) 178 ± 7 176 ± 6VO 2max· kg –1 (ml)VO 2max· kg –1 (%)v max(5%) (km · h –1 )v max(5%) (%)* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.0133.1 ± 5.31006.8 ± 1.110038.7 ± 4.8**117.0 ± 3.3**7.8 ± 0.9**115.0 ± 1.5**Table 2. Selected anthropometric and functional variables collected before and after a movement intervention in seniorsBM (kg)BM (%)FFM (kg)FFM (%)Fat abs(%)Fat rel(%)BCM (kg)BCM (%)ECM/BCMECM/BCM (%)Variables Before After69.9 ± 7.910043.7 ± 6.810037.5 ± 5.110022.8 ± 5.01000.92 ± 0.0310070.4 ± 7.8100.7 ± 5.945.9 ± 6.7*105.0 ± 5.2*36.9 ± 4.898.4 ± 3.925.1 ± 4.8**110.0 ± 2.7**0.82 ± 0.02**89.2 ± 3.6**HR max(b · min –1 ) 134 ± 6 133 ± 5VO 2max· kg –1 (ml)VO 2max· kg –1 (%)%VO 2max· kg –1 (%)v max(5%) (km · h –1 )v max(5%) (%)%v max(%)* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.0117.5 ± 3.010067.4 ± 3.24.4 ± 3.110073.3 ± 2.919.0 ± 3.2**108.6 ± 3.7**67.8 ± 3.0**4.7 ± 3.4**106.8 ± 3.372.3 ± 3.0– 67 –
Václav BuncTable 3. Selected anthropometric variables collected before and after a movement intervention in children differing in body massstateVariables Before AfterBM (kg)BM (%)BF abs(%)BF rel(%)(N)44.0 ± 3.810019.7 ± 3.910045.4 ± 3.7*103.2 ± 5.2*17.0 ± 3.0**86.3 ± 3.6**BM (kg)BM (%)BF abs(%)BF rel(%)(OV)52.6 ± 3.010024.6 ± 3.110048.4 ± 2.3**92.1 ± 2.0**20.8 ± 2.5**84.6 ± 2.4**BM (kg)BM (%)BF abs(%)BF rel(%)(OB)63.2 ± 3.610028.3 ± 3.110054.3 ± 2.8**98.4 ± 3.923.9 ± 2.9**84.4 ± 3.1*** p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, N – normal body mass, OV – overweight, OB – obesityspeed on the treadmill was in range of 3–5 km · h –1(in dependence on physical fitness state) and was increasedeach minute by 1 km · h –1 . The cardiorespiratoryvariables were measured in an open system using anon-line method by TEEM 100 (Aerosport). All analyzerswere checked before and after each test by a calibrationgas of known concentration.Time duration of intervention was 5 months. Theprogram was realized in spring or autumn.The energy outputs were on the level of 1000 kcal(4180 kJ) per week in seniors, 1500 kcal (6270 kJ) inadults and 2000 kcal (8360 kJ) in children in accordwith the construction of individual moving programs[42].Age-related changes in body composition (BC)have implications for physical function and health. Theredistribution and increase of fat and the loss of musclemass result in substantial decrease in functional capacity.Although BC, as well as the age-related changes init, has a strong genetic component, it is also influencedby environmental factors. The primary influences arenutrition, disease and physical activity [43].Clinically, BC is viewed in terms of two compartments:fat and fat-free mass [43, 44]. Fat mass (FM)plus fat-free mass (FFM) are made of proteins, water,and minerals, equal to the total body mass.Beginning in middle adulthood, FFM tends todecline gradually both in men and women, primarilydue to the wasting of muscle tissue [43]. Similarly theamount of FFM decreases with age the body cell mass(BCM) in subjects without of systematically physicaltraining. This similarity is confirmed by a high significantpositive correlation between these both variables[44]. The BCM is the sum of oxygen-using, calciumrich, glucose-oxidising cells. This variable may indirectlycharacterize the ability of human to sustaina mechanical work.Numerous tools and methodologies have beendeveloped to measure various BC parameters. Thebioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) seems to beamong the most used methods in the field of conditions[45]. Regardless of instrument chosen to assess BC,the method happens to be as good as the measurementtechnique and prediction or conversion formulaapplied. To remain valid, the conversion formulas andprediction equations selected must be restricted to thepopulations from which they were derived [43–45].One of the basic themes in exercise science researchhas focused on the relation of exercise onimprovement of physical fitness, usually measured asmaximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max). Physical fitness isa broad concept, encompassing several specific typesof fitness including strength, flexibility and balance [46].The actual physical fitness state of subjects is not onlythe predisposition of better physical performance butalso the significant basis of their working capacity and(especially in seniors) of independency.When evaluating the influence of physical activity inhumans it is important to know the energy requirements[47]. Positive influence is exerted only by physical activities,which guarantee that a minimal threshold is exceeded.The level depends on the purpose for whichthese activities are performed.The body cell mass is calculated using the FFMand phase angle between whole impedance vectorand resistance α [44]. The extra cellular mass (ECM)– 68 –
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ANTROPOMOTORYKAISSN 1731-0652KOMITE
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ORIGINAL PAPERSPRACE ORYGINALNE
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Antropomotoryka nr 57 [2012]. - Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego ...

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