Antropomotoryka nr 57 [2012]. - Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego ...

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NR <strong>57</strong> <strong>2012</strong>ANTROPOMOTORYKABODY RESPONSE OF HURDLE RUNNERSTO TRAINING LOAD IN MICROCYCLE 1REAKCJE NA OBCIĄŻENIA TRENINGOWE U PŁOTKARZYW MIKROCYKLU OKRESU PRZYGOTOWAWCZEGOIvan Čillík*, Darina Kozolková**** Prof. Dr. Habil., Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Humanities, Matej Bel University in BanskáBystrica, Slovakia** PhD, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Humanities, Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica,SlovakiaKey words: sprint hurdles, training load, microcycle, body response, explosive powerSłowa kłuczowe: bieg przez płotki, obciążenia treningowe, mikrocykl, reakcja organizmu,skocznośćSUMMARY • STRESZCZENIEIntroduction. The relationship between response-effect cannot be understood mechanically. Tracking thecurrent response to training load in disciplines of speed and strength character is relatively complicated.Aim of the study. The main aim of this thesis was to follow the immediate, delayed, and short-term cumulativetraining effect. Two hurdle runners were followed during a specific preparatory period. The training effectis rated according to changes in the level of explosive power of the lower extremities during training units inone training microcycle.Material and methods. These athletes underwent testing consisting of repeated jumps for 10 secondson the jump ergometer (FITRO JUMPER) at the beginning of the main part of the training session, after theirwarm-up, and after general and specific workouts. We repeated this test after the end of the main part of thetraining unit.Results. We found differences in the intraindividual and interindividual reactions of runners in individualtraining: contact time, power in the active phase of the take-off, height of jump, and force of reflection. A reductionof effectiveness at the end of training sessions focused on speed was recorded in the performance ofboth athletes. Different immediate and delayed effects were recorded in the performance of both athletes intraining sessions focused on strength. Regenerative training focused on endurance brought a slight immediateand also a delayed impact on the increase of effectiveness. Taking both athletes into consideration we recordeda similar body response during the first 2 days of the microcycle in the immediate and delayed effect. In thesecond part of the microcycle, differences were recorded in intraindividual response to training load.Conclusion. Both analyzed athletes achieved an increase in jumping explosiveness in the first part of microcycleand a decrease in the second part of the microcycle.Wstęp. Zależność między obciążeniem treningowym a reakcją organizmu jest czynnikiem złożonym, którywymyka się mechanicznym, z góry założonym schematom. Skomplikowaną czynnością okazuje się zwłaszczamonitorowanie odpowiedzi organizmu zawodnika na obciążenie treningowe w konkurencjach szybkościowosiłowych.Cel pracy. Monitorowanie efektów treningowych płotkarzy ukierunkowane na wskazanie bezpośrednich,opóźnionych, a także krótkoterminowych, kumulatywnych efektów treningu. Badaniem objęto nim dwóch plot-1The study was supported by grant VEGA 1/0322/10.– 35 –
Ivan Čillík, Darina Kozolkovákarzy w kategorii wiekowej seniora, w trakcie mikrocyklu okresu przygotowawczego. Efekt treningowy ocenionona podstawie zmian poziomu skoczności podczas różnego rodzaju treningów oraz w ramach różnych ogniwjednostki treningowej.Materiał i metody. W zadanym czasie dziesięciu sekund badani wielokrotnie wykonywali skoki pionowena ergometrze skocznościowym (FITRO JUMPER). Badanie prowadzono podczas różnego rodzaju jednostektreningowych, po dwóch rodzajach rozgrzewki – ogólnym i specjalnym – oraz na początku i pod koniec głównejczęści jednostki treningowej.Wyniki. Wykazano różnice w intraindiwidualnej i interindywidualnej odpowiedzi organizmu badanych zawodnikówpodczas różnych jednostek treningowych w następujących monitorowanych zmiennych: czas trwania odbicia,wydajność w aktywnej fazie odbicia, wysokość odbicia i efekt odbicia. U obu płotkarzy stwierdzono zmniejszeniewydajności odbicia pod koniec treningu. W treningach siły zaobserwowano różne – natychmiastowe i opóźnione –reakcje u obu zawodników. Pod wpływem treningu regeneracyjnego o charakterze wytrzymałościowym nieznaczniezwiększyła się efektywność natychmiastowej, jak również opóźnionej reakcji organizmu. W pierwszych dniachmikrocyklu odnotowano bardzo podobnie reakcje u obu badanych płotkarzy, natomiast obciążenia treningowestosowane w drugiej części mikrocyklu spowodowały wystąpienie różnych reakcji ich organizmów.Wnioski. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały wzrost skoczności zawodników w pierwszej części mikrocykluoraz jej obniżenie w drugiej części.IntroductionHurdle races are considered to be a specific group ofathletic disciplines of the technical-sprinter character.Performance depends on many factors, especiallythe maximum running speed and hurdle technique.Recently, more authors have been dealing with trainingfor short hurdle races [1, 2, 3, 4] and others emphasizingthe complex approach in long-term sport training.Sport training is based on repetitive training stimulations.It is one of the conditions of achieving expectedchanges in the level of adapting processes. However, therelationship between response-effect cannot be understoodmechanically. According to different authors [5, 6,7, 8, 9] the following division of training effects is recognized:immediate training effect, delayed training effect,and cumulative training effect. The cumulative trainingeffect is divided into short (effect of training microcycle),middle (effect of training mesocycle), and long (effect ofone or more training macrocycles). The short cumulativetraining effect is the result of the connection of immediateand delayed training effects. The middle cumulativetraining effect is the result of the connection of shortcumulative effects. The long cumulative training effect isthe result of the connection of middle cumulative effects;it is expected to be reached in time for the most importantcompetitions. Long cumulative training effect showsup through the relatively permanent change of the conditionsof athletes. Achieving the cumulative effect dependson many factors such as training load (volume andintensity, frequency of stimulations, type of stimulation,variability and others), possibilities of regeneration andalso other out of training factors that influence the courseof recovering processes. Tracking the current responseto training load in disciplines of speed and strengthencharacter is relatively complicated. We have alreadytried to follow the influence of training on immediatetraining effect during one training in short distance races[10]. In our research we deal with following the body´sresponse of hurdle runners to training load from differentviews: immediate training effect, delayed training effect,and short cumulative training effect. Two hurdlerunners are followed in developing training microcycle.The aim of the training focused on short distance racein the preparatory period is the development of specialconditional abilities and the improvement of technique.During the period of intensified training in which both athleteswere analyzed, we focused mainly on the intensivedevelopment of the specific speed-technique and speedenduranceabilities [3, 11, 12]. We deal with microcyclesbecause it is considered decisive, according to a numberof authors [7, 9] and others, in the practical organizationof training and, most importantly, in terms of manipulatingtraining load. Training is generally characterized by highintensity; moreover, a multi-phase workout is used. Largesupercompensation waves are permitted; it means a frequencyof training sessions such that incomplete recoveryoccurs. Searching for more exact and, individually,the most convenient indicators of supercompensationare difficult. Therefore, experience relies on estimatesbased on available information. This was written with thesupport of VEGA 1/0322/10.Aim of the studyThe main purpose of this thesis was to follow the immediate,delayed, and short term cumulative training effect.Two runners who compete in the hurdle race were– 36 –
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