• During condensation, the condensate formedcoats the tube perimeter with a liquid film.• During condensation in stratified flow regimes,the top of the tube is wetted by the condensate film whilein evaporating flows the top perimeter is dry.REFERENCES[1] Y.Taitel and A.E. Dukler, A model for predicting lowregime transitions in horizontal and near horizontal gasliquidflow, AICHE Journal 13. no.2, 43-69[2] O. Baker, Design of pipe lines for simultaneous flowof oil and gas, Oil and gas journal (1954), 185-190[3] K. Hashizume, Flow pattern and void fraction ofrefrigerant two-phase flow in a horizontal pipe, Bulletinof JSME26, no.219, 1597-1602[4] Verein Deutscher Ingenieure VDI-Warmeatlas (VDIHeat Atlas), Chapter HBB, VDI-GessellschaftVerfahrenstechnik und Chemieingenieurwsen (GVC),Düsseldorf, 1993[5] Kattan, N., Thome, J. R., and Favrat, D. (1998). FlowBoiling in Horizontal Tubes. Part 1: Development of aDiabatic Two-Phase Flow Pattern Map, J. Heat Transfer,120, 140-147.[6] El Hajal, J., Thome, J.R., and Cavallini, A. (2003).Condensation in Horizontal Tubes, Part 1: Two-PhaseFlow Pattern Map, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 46,3349-3363.[7] L Wojtan, T Ursenbacher, J Thome, Investigation offlow boiling in horizontal tubes: Part I: A new diabatictwo-phase flow pattern map, International Journal of Heatand Mass Transfer (2005)[8] Rouhani, S. Z., and Axelsson, E., Calculation of VoidVolume Fraction in the Subcooled and Quality BoilingRegions. International Journal of Heat and MassTransfer, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 383–393, 1970.[9] D. Biberg, An explicit approximation for the wettedangle in two-phase stratified pipe flow, Canadian J.Chemical Engineering (1999), 1221-1224[10] Shah MM. A general correlation for heat transferduring film condensation inside pipes. Int. J Heat & MassTransfer 1979; 22: 547–56[11] Dr. Ove Bratland: The Flow Assurance, BergenArea, Norway, Oil & Energy130
Realization of Concurrent <strong>Program</strong>ming inEmbedded SystemsAnita Sabo * , Bojan Kuljić ** , Tibor Szakáll *** , Andor Sagi ****Subotica Tech, Subotica, Serbia* saboanita@gmail.com ** bojan.kuljic@gmail.com *** szakall.tibor@gmail.com **** peva@vts.su.ac.rsAbstract — The task of programming concurrent systems issubstantially more difficult than the task of programmingsequential systems with respect to both correctness andefficiency. Nowadays multi core processors are common.The tendency in development of embedded hardware andprocessors are shifting to multi core and multiprocessorsetups as well. This means that the problem of easyconcurrency is an important problem for embedded systemsas well. There are numerous solutions for the problem ofconcurrency, but not with embedded systems in mind. Dueto the constrains of embedded hardware and use cases ofembedded systems, specific concurrency solutions arerequired. In this paper we present a solution which istargeted for embedded systems and builds on existingconcurrency algorithms and solutions. The presentedmethod emphasizes on the development and design ofconcurrent software. In the design of the presented methodhuman factor was taken into consideration as the majorinfluential fact in the successful development of concurrentapplications.Keywords – concurrent systems, embedded systems, parallelalgorithmsI. INTRODUCTIONConcurrent computing is the concurrent (simultaneous)execution of multiple interacting computational tasks.These tasks may be implemented as separate programs, oras a set of processes or threads created by a singleprogram. The tasks may also be executing on a singleprocessor, several processors in close proximity, ordistributed across a network. Concurrent computing isrelated to parallel computing, but focuses more on theinteractions between tasks. Correct sequencing of theinteractions or communications between different tasks,and the coordination of access to resources that are sharedbetween tasks, are key concerns during the design ofconcurrent computing systems. In some concurrentcomputing systems communication between theconcurrent components is hidden from the programmer,while in others it must be handled explicitly. Explicitcommunication can be divided into two classes:A. Shared memory communicationConcurrent components communicate by altering thecontents of shared memory location. This style ofconcurrent programming usually requires the applicationof some form of locking (e.g., mutexes (meaning(s)mutual exclusion), semaphores, or monitors) to coordinatebetween threads. Shared memory communication can beachieved with the use of Software Transactional Memory(STM) [1][2][3]. Software Transactional Memory (STM)is an abstraction for concurrent communicationmechanism analogous to database transactions forcontrolling access to shared memory. The main benefits ofSTM are composability and modularity. That is, by usingSTM one can write concurrent abstractions that can beeasily composed with any other abstraction built usingSTM, without exposing the details of how the abstractionensures safety.B. Message Passing CommunicationConcurrent components communicate by exchangingmessages. The exchange of messages may be carried outasynchronously (sometimes referred to as "send andpray"), or one may use a rendezvous style in which thesender blocks until the message is received. Messagepassingconcurrency tends to be far easier to reason aboutthan shared-memory concurrency, and is typicallyconsidered a more robust, although slower, form ofconcurrent programming. The most basic feature ofconcurrent programming is illustrated in Figure 1. Thenumbered nodes present instructions that need to beperformed and as seen in the figure certain nodes must beexecuted simultaneously. Since most of the timeintermediate results from the node operations are part ofthe same calculus this presents great challenge forpractical systems. A wide variety of mathematical theoriesfor understanding and analyzing message-passing systemsare available, including the Actor model [4]. In computerscience, the Actor model is a mathematical model ofconcurrent computation that treats "actors" as theuniversal primitives of concurrent digital computation: inresponse to a message that it receives, an actor can makelocal decisions, create more actors, send more messages,131
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