Final Program EXPRES 2012 - Conferences

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larger than that the owner pays the utility for the energyservices and energy used over the year.Positive-Zero Energy Emissions — A building thatproduces and exports more emissions-free renewableenergy as it imports and uses from emission-producingenergy sources annually. Carbon dioxide, nitrogenoxides, and sulfur oxides are common emissions thatPNEBs offset.B. Embodied energy [7]Life positive net energy building (L-PEB) is definedthat during entire life it produces more energy than itspends for the embodied energy of building componentsand its energy use [6].The net energy ratio (NER) is a asthe ratio of the decrease on annual energy use to theincrease in annualized embodied energy. The higherNER better more effective is move toward L-ZEB.II. ENERGYA. Energy consumptionIn ZNEHs, energy may be used for space heating,space cooling, DHW heating, lighting, and appliances,etc.Technologies for lighting and appliances should beenergy efficient to minimize use of electrical energy thathas to be generated by the building.In future buildings, space heating should be efficient.In this direction, technologies for space heating areusually ground coupled heat pumps (GCHP) as they givearound 3 times greater amount of heat energy than that ofelectrical energy with which it was run. The heat pumpsmay be used for heating and cooling when the directionof refrigeration fluid is reversed. The most often it is aGCHP with hydronic floor heating or air space heating.B. Energy generationTechnologies for heat & cold generation fromgeothermal energy use electrical energy to operate. Thesedevices are called heat pumps. They should be energyefficient and have the highest COP (to use as low amountof electrical energy as possible).Technology used for DHW heating may be heat usedby solar collectors and electrical energy produced by thePV modules, or the heat pump driven by electricalenergy. The most efficient heating may be performed byeither solar collector with electric backup.Technologies that are used for energy generationshould be energy efficient and to use as low surface areaas this is possible. These technologies are generation ofheat energy by solar collectors, and electrical energy bythe PV modules and wind power. When there are energygeneration with the PV panels and solar collectors, oneshould determine the ratio between areas of the PVmodules and of solar collectors. However, there is alsosimultaneous generation of heat and electricity by hybridPVT panels.C. Building envelopeIn future buildings, a building envelope shouldminimize heat transfer. In cold climate, the buildingenvelope has to be super insulated and air tight. Specialdouble glazed windows are used at the south wall that arefilled with argon and have low heat emissivity filmcoating.D. Rule of thumbHowever, the amount of energy generated by the PVmodules and solar collectors located on the building roofis limited as there is shortage in surface (space) neededfor energy generation. Consequently, the rule of thumb ofdesign of ZNEH is to minimize energy consumption inthe building. This would minimize required energygeneration and surfaces required for this energygeneration.E. Cost effectivenessEnergy saving and producing technologies should becost effective. That means minimum construction costsfor these houses and their fastest penetration into practice.The highest cost is the cost of its GCHP heating systemand the PV modules. To minimize these costs, thedesigner has to minimize heating and cooling loads tothese homes. For designer, the most interesting questionsare that of area of the PV modules and financialattractiveness of their installation. As these technologiesare still relatively expensive, the government shouldenhance financial attractiveness of the investment in suchdevices.Fig.2 EnergyPlus interfaceSIMULATIONS AND OPTIMIZATIONSA. Simulation software - EnergyPlusEnergyPlus is made available by the Lawrence BerkleyLaboratory in USA [8]. EnergyPlus interface is shown inFig.2. EnergyPlus development began in 1996 on thebasis of two widely used programs: DOE-2 and BLAST.The software serves to simulate building energy behaviorand use of renewable energy in buildings. The renewableenergy simulation capabilities include solar thermal andphotovoltaic simulation. Other simulation features ofEnergyPlus include: variable time steps, userconfigurablemodular systems, and user defined input andoutput data structures. The software has been tested usingthe IEA HVAC BESTEST E100-E200 series of tests. Tomodel, the building and renewable energy systems in50
EnergyPlus environment, we used models of differentcomponents that are embedded in EnergyPlus such asthat of PV-array, inverter, flat-plate solar collector,storage tank, tempering valve, and instantaneous waterheater. Water in the storage tank was heated by solarenergy and water in the instantaneous water heater byelectricity.lower and upper bounds), discrete variables, or both,continuous and discrete variables. Constraints ondependent variables can be implemented using penalty orbarrier functions. GenOpt is written in Java so that it isplatform independent. GenOpt is applicable to a widerange of optimization problems. GenOpt has a librarywith adaptive Hooke-Jeeves algorithm.B. Simulation software - Google SketchUpGoogle SketchUp is a free 3D software tool thatcombines a tool-set with an intelligent drawing system.Building in Google Sketch-up environment is shown inFig.3. The software enables to place models using realworldcoordinates. Most people get rolling withSketchUp in just a few minutes. There are dozens ofvideo tutorials, an extensive Help Centre and a worldwideuser community.Fig.4 Optimization by using GenoptFig.3 Building in OpenStudio environmentC. Simulation software - OpenStudioThe OpenStudio is free plug-in that adds the buildingenergy simulation capabilities of EnergyPlus to the 3DSketchUp environment. A house in OpenStudioenvironment is shown in Fig.3. The software allows youto create, edit and view EnergyPlus input files withinSketchUp. The plug-in uses the standard tools providedby SketchUp. The software adds as much extra detail asyou need to zones and surfaces. The plug-in allows youeasy to create a building geometry from scratch: addzones, draw heat transfer surfaces, draw windows anddoors, draw shading surfaces, etc. You can save what youhave drawn as an EnergyPlus input file. The plug-in alsoallows users to launch EnergyPlus simulations and viewthe results from within SketchUp.D. Optimization software - GenOptGenOpt is an optimization program for theminimization of a cost function evaluated by an externalsimulation program [9]. Optimization and simulation dataflow paths by using Genopt are shown in Fig.4. GenOptserves for optimization problems where the cost functionis computationally expensive and its derivatives are notavailable or may not even exist. GenOpt can be coupledto any simulation program that reads its input from textfiles and writes its output to text files. The independentvariables can be continuous variables (possibly with4. EXAMPLESA. Residential PNEB in Serbian conditions [11]This article reports investigations of a residentialbuilding in Serbian conditions energized by electricityfrom photovoltaics (PVs), and the electricity grid. Thebuilding uses electricity to run its space heating system,lighting and appliances, and to heat domestic hot water(DHW). The space heating system comprises floorheaters, a water-to-water heat pump, and a ground heatexchanger. The schematic of this PNEB is shown inFig.1. The PV system generates electricity that either maybe consumed by the building or may be fed-in theelectricity grid. The electricity grid is used as electricitystorage. Three residential buildings are investigated. Thefirst residential building has PVs that yearly producesmaller amount of electricity than the heating systemrequires. This is a negative-net energy building (NNEB).The second building has the PVs that produce the exactamount of electricity that the entire building annuallyneeds. This is a zero-net energy building ZNEB. Thethird building has PVs that entirely cover the south-facingroof of the building. This is a PNEB. These buildings arepresented by a mathematical model, partially in anEnergyPlus environment. For all buildings, simulationsby using EnergyPlus software would give the generated,consumed, and purchased energy with time step, andmonthly and yearly values. For sure, these buildingswould decrease demand for electricity during summer,however they will increase this demand during winterwhen there is no sun and start of space heating isrequired. Depending on the size of PV array this buildingwill be either NNEB, or ZNEB, or PNEB. However it iscrucial for such a building to be connected to theelectricity grid. The smaller payback for investment in thePV array is obtained for buildings with larger size of PVarray. The feed-in tariff for the generation of electricity in51
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Page 5 and 6: Application of Thermopile Technolog
Page 7 and 8: Design of a Solar Hybrid System....
Page 9 and 10: ___________________________________
Page 11 and 12: environmental protection and global
Page 13 and 14: But can we use the human body sweat
Page 15 and 16: IX. REFERENCES[1] Todorovic B. Cvje
Page 17 and 18: QQ⎛ Λt⎞=⎜⎟⎝ Λ ⎠Nt Nwh
Page 19 and 20: Analysis of the Energy-Optimum of H
Page 21 and 22: V. OBJECTIVE FUNCTIONThe objective
Page 23 and 24: The Set-Up Geometry of Sun Collecto
Page 25 and 26: continuous east-west sun collector
Page 27 and 28: continuously measure the thermal ch
Page 29 and 30: CEvaluation of measurement resultsA
Page 31 and 32: Application of Thermopile Technolog
Page 33 and 34: Temperature of the components [C]90
Page 35 and 36: nighttime, to weather or to the cha
Page 37 and 38: η uη u0.50.40.30.20.1T 1 - 400K0.
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Page 47 and 48: use may be advantageous not only in
Page 49 and 50: To find the reasons for this disagr
Page 51: Toward Future: Positive Net-Energy
Page 55 and 56: To keep future energy consumption d
Page 57 and 58: A New Calculation Method to Analyse
Page 59 and 60: On Fig. 3. can be seen the areas th
Page 61 and 62: Present and Future of Geothermal En
Page 63 and 64: TABLE II.THE TEMPERATURE DATA AND C
Page 65 and 66: Error in Water Meter Measuring at W
Page 67 and 68: III.RESULTS OF MEASURMENTSEach meas
Page 69 and 70: TABLE I.THE AVERAGE VALUE OF THERMA
Page 71 and 72: If the walls of the DHEs are made o
Page 73 and 74: Environmental External Costs Associ
Page 75 and 76: iodiesel production facility with a
Page 77 and 78: Contribution of unit processesto ex
Page 79 and 80: Heat Pump News in HungaryBéla Ád
Page 81 and 82: Thermal Comfort Measurements In Lar
Page 83 and 84: IV.DISCUSSIONThe sample frequencies
Page 85 and 86: For a Clear View of Traditional and
Page 87 and 88: esults in geographically distribute
Page 89 and 90: Design of a Solar Hybrid SystemMari
Page 91 and 92: Maintaining the set point temperatu
Page 93 and 94: Decision system theory model of ope
Page 95 and 96: parameter of pump in the function o
Page 97 and 98: Importance and Value of Predictive
Page 99 and 100: D. Overview of existing boiler oper
Page 101 and 102: HEAVY FUEL OIL FIRED, STEAMNATURAL
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MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND NUMERICAL SI
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C. Energy balance equationMathemati
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Discretization energy balance equat
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T ulf=32 º C, A - m =0.00162 kg/s,
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Comparison of Heat Pump and MicroCH
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the microCHP development. The energ
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control and stabilizer must be deve
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In Figure 1, in relation to the ord
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NPCC BHXOBYNI x1I x2I x3I x4LO YKYO
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exchange, as in reality, economies
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esponsibilities for consequences, o
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Coca-Cola Enterprise Inc had approx
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Flow Pattern Map for In Tube Evapor
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circumference with a liquid film. T
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Tube diameter: d 6 mm W Heat flux
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Realization of Concurrent Programmi
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applications the development, optim
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Renewable energy sources in automob
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commercial arrays can be built at b
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of multiple thin films produced usi
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EXPRES 20124 th International Sympo
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