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Figure 2. Representation of search for optimal solution by genetic algorithmVII.CONCLUSIONVIII.REFERENCESTo obtain the maximum COP of system isrequired exact stationary mathematical model ofthe heating system and an adequatemathematical optimization procedure.For energy optimization using the stationarymathematical model, because the systemoperates 99% of time in stationary regime.Mathematical model of the heating systemconsists of evaporator, compressor, thermoexpansionvalve, well pump and circulation pump.For the purpose of the completeness, themathematical model should be extended morewith the mathematical description of thecondenser.For optimization is proposed the numericalprocedure, the genetic algorithms.The application of classical optimization procedureusing the first derivative verydifficult, practicallyimpossible.Genetic algorithm provides to obtain theoptimum combination of mass flow rate in thesystem.The optimal combination of mass flow ratesprovide maximum COP of the heating of thesystem using heat pump.[1] Nyers J. Stoyan G.:" A Dynamical Model Adequate forControlling the Evaporator of Heat Pump", InternationalJournal of Refrigeration, 1994.[2] Nyers J.: “Energy optimum of heating system with heatpump”6th international multidisciplinary conference,545-550,Baia Mare-Nagy Bánya, Romania 2005.[3] Nyers J.: “Stationary mathematical model of heatingsystem with heat pump” 22 th international conference “science in practice”, Schweinfurt, Deutschland 2005.[4] Nyers J., Nyers A. : “COP of Heating-Cooling Systemwith Heat Pump” International Symposium “<strong>EXPRES</strong>2011.” Proceedings 17-21 Subotica, Serbia.[5] Ammeri A., Hachicha W.,Chabchoub H. &Masmoudi,F.A:“Comprehensive Litterature Review of Mono-Objective Simulation Optimization Methods”, Advancesin Production Engineering & Management, Vol.6, No. 4,2011.[6] Ficko M., Klančnik, S., Brezovnik, S., Balič, J.,Brezočnik, M. & Lerher, T.. „Intelligent optimizationmethods for industrial storage systems”In: Manzini, R.(Ed.). Warehousing in the global supply chain :advanced models, tools and applications for storagesystems. London: Springer, <strong>2012</strong>.[7] Gen, M. and R. Cheng, Genetic algorithms andengineering design. Wiley series in engineering designand automation. 1997, New York: Wiley. xix, 411 p.[8] Lu, L., et al., HVAC system optimization––condenserwater loop. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004.45(4): p. 613-63020
The Set-Up Geometry of Sun CollectorsIstván Patkó Prof. Dr, dean*, András Szeder instructor**Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light Industry and Environmental EngineeringDoberdó út 6., H-1034 Budapest, Hungarye-mail: * patko@uni-obuda.hu ** szeder.andras@rkk.uni-obuda.huAbstract: In order to efficiently solve the problems createdby the deepening energy crisis affecting Europe and theworld, governments cannot neglect the opportunities ofusing the energy produced by sun collectors. In many of theEU countries there are sun collectors producing heatenergy, e.g. in Austria more than 3,500,000m 2 and inGermany more than 12,000,000m 2 of sun collectors areoperated [5]. The energy produced by these sun collectors isutilized at the place of production. In the near futuregovernments will have to focus more on spreading andusing sun collectors. Among the complex problems ofoperating sun collectors, this article deals with determiningthe optimal tilt angle of sun collectors. The tilt angles whichwe determined theoretically are confirmed by laboratorymeasurements. The result of our work will help users andengineers to determine the optimal operation of suncollectors.Keywords: sun collector, heat energy, optimal tilt angleI. SOLAR RADIATIONSun collectors transform the radiation energyrepresented by the short wave (λ= 4 µm) beams emittedfrom the Sun into heat energy. This heat energy may beutilized for terrestrial life. Figure 1 shows theproportion of solar radiation reaching the Earth’ssurface and the losses of the radiation.reflected back from there. These must be considered aslosses. The relative values of losses in relation to totalradiation, based on Figure 1:- reflection into space 30 %- absorption by the ozone layer 2 %- absorption in the atmosphere 25 %With these values the total radiation loss amounts to57% of the radiation of the Sun. This means that 43%of the solar radiation may be utilized on the Earth’ssurface. These losses occur in the airspace between thelower border of the thermosphere (at a height of ~ 80km) and the Earth’s surface. It is assumed that thelosses of solar radiation above the height of 80 km (thelower part of the thermosphere) are negligibly smallcompared with the total loss. At the lower border of thethermosphere the relative energy of the – loss free –solar radiation, when the Earth is at its mean distancefrom the Sun, is determined at 1345 W/m2 ± 3 % bythe specialist literature. This value is called SolarConstant (N). In this way Id=1345 W/m2 x 0.43 =582.2 W/m2 relative energy current reaches the Earth’ssurface represented by the unobstructed part of theradiation coming from the Sun. If we place a surface(e.g. a sun collector) smaller than the Earth’s surfaceirradiated by the Sun in the irradiated area of theEarth’s surface, then the solar radiation reaching thissurface is shown in Figure 2.Figure 1The balance of solar radiation [6]This figure builds on the assumption that 54% ofthe Earth’s surface opposite the Sun is covered byclouds, while 46% is clear (free of clouds).A large amount of the radiation leaving the Suncannot be used on the Earth – for heat production –because they do not reach the Earth’s surface or areFigure 2Solar radiation reaching the sun collector [6]21
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Page 15 and 16: IX. REFERENCES[1] Todorovic B. Cvje
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Environmental External Costs Associ
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iodiesel production facility with a
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Contribution of unit processesto ex
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Heat Pump News in HungaryBéla Ád
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Thermal Comfort Measurements In Lar
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IV.DISCUSSIONThe sample frequencies
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For a Clear View of Traditional and
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esults in geographically distribute
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Design of a Solar Hybrid SystemMari
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Maintaining the set point temperatu
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Decision system theory model of ope
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parameter of pump in the function o
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Importance and Value of Predictive
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D. Overview of existing boiler oper
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HEAVY FUEL OIL FIRED, STEAMNATURAL
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MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND NUMERICAL SI
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C. Energy balance equationMathemati
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Discretization energy balance equat
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T ulf=32 º C, A - m =0.00162 kg/s,
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Comparison of Heat Pump and MicroCH
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the microCHP development. The energ
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control and stabilizer must be deve
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In Figure 1, in relation to the ord
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NPCC BHXOBYNI x1I x2I x3I x4LO YKYO
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exchange, as in reality, economies
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esponsibilities for consequences, o
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Coca-Cola Enterprise Inc had approx
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Flow Pattern Map for In Tube Evapor
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circumference with a liquid film. T
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Tube diameter: d 6 mm W Heat flux
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Realization of Concurrent Programmi
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applications the development, optim
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Renewable energy sources in automob
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commercial arrays can be built at b
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of multiple thin films produced usi
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EXPRES 20124 th International Sympo
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