Promoting Green Power in Canada - Centre for Human Settlements

Promoting Green Power in Canada Pollution ProbeTable 4.16 — Renewable Portfolio Standards and Requirements by Year[UCS 2001b, expanded]Country/ Base 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2015 2020stateEuropean 11% 22.1%UnionGreat 2.8% 3% 4.3% 4.9% 5.5% 6.7% 7.9% 9.1% 9.7% 10.4% 10.4% until 2027BritainAustralia 10.5% 400 1100 1800 2600 3400 4500 5600 6800 8100 9500 5 9500 until 2020(in GWh)United 2% +1.0% 10%StatesArizona 0.2% 1.0% 1.1%Connecticut 5.5% 6% 7%Massachu- 1.0% 4.0% 5.0% 15% 1settsMilwaukee 7 5.0%Minnesota 550MW 4.8%Nevada 5% 2 7% 9% 15%New Jersey 2.5% 3% 3.5% 4.0% 4.5% 5.0% 5.5% 6.5%Pennsyl- 2% 2.5% 3% 3.5% 4% 4.5% 5% 5.5% 6% 6.5%vaniaTexas 2 880 1280 1730 2280 2880 6 2880 until 2020(MW)California 10% At least 1% increase per year 20% 8Wisconsin 0.5% 2.2%Hawaii 3 7% 8% 9%Illinois 3 5% 15%Minnesota 3 1% 10%BC Hydro 4 1.7%1+1% a year, end date of requirement to be determined by Division of Energy Resources2capacities only; actual MWh is expected to be discounted with a 35% mean capacity factor, to be adjusted over timedepending on developments3State minimum renewable power goals4voluntary goal: 10% of added generation/1100 GWh of 65,000 GWh total in 2010512.5% of annual consumption6about 2.3% of total annual consumption7Wisconsin Energy Corporation’s voluntary goal8Has to be reached by 2017 alreadyand avoids penalizing utilities that do nothave cheap renewable energy resources intheir service areas. Table 4.16 provides anoverview of existing RPS’ and theirrequirements for each year (if available), andcompares them to today’s share of renewablepower in each country’s energy mix. As therequired share of renewable power increasesover the years, an RPS is a continuousincentive for the creation of new renewablecapacity.Many governments have chosen verymoderate RPS goals, with overall increases ofthe renewable power share in totalgeneration of no more than 2% within tenyears. Pennsylvania and New Jersey havebeen more ambitious, with an annualincrease of 0.5%. Australia is in a similarrange, demanding about 4,000 MW of addedcapacity by 2010 37 (see Chapter 3.4).California, Minnesota and Massachusettsrequire annual increases of 1%, and the UKworks in the same range with annualincreases of between 0.6 and 1.3% per year,with the EU requiring overall 1% increases aswell. To compare, Germany’s wind energyshare was about 0.5% of total generation in111