Promoting Green Power in Canada - Centre for Human Settlements

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Promoting Green Power in Canada Pollution ProbeAppendix B-2 — REAP Biomass Cost Estimates forCanada [REAP 1999, p. 45]192
Promoting Green Power in Canada Pollution ProbeAppendix C —Assumptions and Calculations toEstimate Canada’s Potential Electricity Generationfrom BiomassSWITCHGRASSThe agricultural surface available forswitchgrass production in Ontario has beendetermined to be 282,000 ha [REAP 2001],and the yield per hectare has been 10 t in testplantations. A yield of less than 10 tons canbe expected on the long run [AAFC 2002],and 8 t/ha is assumed here.Switchgrass only grows well in Ontario andManitoba, with yields in Manitobasomewhat reduced to only 5–6 t/ha, butwith a larger surface available for itsproduction, so that about the same annualyield as for Ontario can be assumed. FurtherWest and East of Ontario, either willow orother kinds of grass could be grown insteadof switchgrass. These species do, however,require pre-drying, which reduces their totalenergy yield [AAFC 2002]. The potentialyield can be assumed to be as high asOntario’s for Alberta, Saskatchewan, Quebecand the Atlantic Provinces together, leavingout BC because of its small arable landsurfaces [REAP 2002a].Ontario yield: 282,000 ha x 8 t/ha,year =2.26 million tons/yearCanada’s yield: 3 x Ontario’s yield, or 6.77million tons/yearPossible electricity production fromenergy crops:Switchgrass energy content = 17.5 GJ/tonIf the crops are used instead of coal for cofiringor dedicated biomass power plants, a28% conversion factor from heat content toelectricity can be assumed [AAFC 2002].17.5 GJ/ton x 28% = 4.9 GJ/ton convertedinto electricity1 GJ is the same as 0.28 MWh à 4.9 GJ/tonyield 1.37 MWh/ton1.37 MWh/ton x 6.77 million tons = 9.27TWh, or 1.5% of Canada’s 2002 electricityconsumption (600 TWh)WOOD RESIDUESIt is estimated that Canada’s forest productmills currently produce 17.7 million bonedried tonnes (BDts) of wood residues peryear. Approximately 12.3 million BDts peryear (or 70 percent) of residues are utilizedin various forms (energy production andvalue-added uses) and 5.4 million BDts peryear (or 30 percent) are surplus to currentproduction needs (see Table C-1). Thisnumber should be reduced by 30% toaccount for contaminants [AAFC 2002]. Anenergy conversion factor of 35% is assumed.Table C1 — Wood Residues in Canada[CFS 1999, p. 5]Province/Country Surplus[mBDt]British Columbia 2.06Alberta 0.90Saskatchewan 0.05Manitoba 0.02Ontario 0.45Québec 1.64New Brunswick 0.18Nova Scotia 0.06Prince Edward Island n/aNewfoundland 0.02Canada 5.4193
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