Promoting Green Power in Canada - Centre for Human Settlements

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Promoting Green Power in Canada Pollution ProbeTable 2.2 continued ...Source NG CHP WtE LG BM WD PV ST LH SH GT WE TE ES CommentsAustralian x x x x x x x x x x x x Biomass: bagasse co-generation, black liquor,Renewable wood waste, energy corps, crop waste, food andEnergy Act agricultural wet waste, landfill gas, municipal solidwaste combustion, sewage gas. Energy savings:electricity savings from solar water heaters;includes fuel cells as renewable energy source.Large hydro: existing dams only.EU x x x x x x x x x x Biomass: biodegradable fraction of products,Renewable waste and residues from agriculture (includingEnergy vegetal and animal substances), forestry andDirective related industries, as well as the biodegradable(10/2001) fraction of industrial and municipal waste. Alsoacknowledges solar hot water heaters.The x x x x x Small hydro: under 15 MW. Biomass: generation ofNetherlands electricity through biomass without co firing or(groencerti- mixing with synthetic materials, biomass waste.ficaten) Waste-to-energy: 50% of waste-to-energy sources.German OK x x x x x x Biomass: untreated wood; organic energy crops,Power wood from certified forestry, co-firing. Hydro: onlycertification reactivated or refurbished dams, newly built only as[OK 2002] run-of-river technology. Up to 50% from fossilcogeneration allowed; at least one-third from newplants (after 1997).NG: Natural Gas; RPS: Renewable Portfolio Standard; CHP: Combined Heat and Power; LG: Landfill Gas; WtE: Waste-to-Energy; BM:Biomass; WD: Wind; PV: Photovoltaic; ST: Solar Thermal; LH: Large Hydro; SH: Small Hydro; GT: Geothermal; WE: Wave Energy; TE: TidalEnergy; ES: Energy Savings (negawatts)14
Promoting Green Power in Canada Pollution ProbeCurrently, the Canadian EnvironmentalChoice Program uses a combination oflisting green energy sources and additionalperformance criteria, some of which areincluded below:• During project planning anddevelopment, appropriate consultationwith communities and stakeholders musthave occurred, and prior or conflictingland use, biodiversity losses and scenic,recreational and cultural values musthave been addressed.• No adverse impacts can be created forany species recognized as endangered orthreatened.• Supplementary non-renewable fuelsmust not be used in more than 2.00% ofthe fuel heat input required forgeneration.• Solar (cadmium containing wastes mustbe properly disposed of or recycled).• Wind (protection of concentrations ofbirds, including endangered bird species).• Water (compliance with regulatorylicenses; protection of indigenous speciesand habitat; requirements for head pondwater levels, water flows, water qualityand water temperature; and measures tominimize fish mortality and to ensurefish migration patterns).• Biomass (use only wood wastes,agricultural wastes and/or dedicatedenergy crops; requirements for rates ofharvest and environmental managementsystems/ practices; and, maximum levelsfor emissions of air pollutants).• Biogas (maximum levels for emissions ofair pollutants; and leachate management).• Other technologies that use media, suchas hydrogen or compressed air, tocontrol, store and/or convert renewableenergy.• Geothermal technologies.The Pembina Institute for AppropriateDevelopment has developed green powercriteria, based on quantitative emissionslimits and on some qualitative requirementsrelating to water use, waste production andother environmental impacts [Pembina2000]. The requirements include bothprimary criteria applicable to all powersources and additional criteria relating to theuse of biomass for electricity production.In a flyer on renewable energy [BCH 2002a],BC Hydro gives the following criteria forgreen electricity projects:Renewable — the resources can bereplenished within, at most, one human lifespan.Environmentally responsible — the projecthas minimal impact on the environment.Socially responsible — the project doesnot generate electricity in a way that conflictswith key social values.Licensable — the project meets all relevantregulations and standards.15
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