thesis - IRS, The Infrared Spectrograph

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172 List of PublicationsPublications in conference proceedings :CNO Abundances in Planetary NebulaeJ. Bernard Salas, P.R. Wesselius, S.R. Pottasch, Marigo, P., 2003, ASP Conferences Series,in pressAccurate Abundances Determination of Planetary NebulaeJ. Bernard Salas, S.R. Pottasch, P.R. Wesselius, 2003, IAU Symposium 209, in pressAbundances in planetary nebulae: Including ISO resultsS.R. Pottasch, D.A. Beintema, J. Bernard-Salas, and W.A. Feibelman, 2003, IAU Symposium209, in pressPhysics and Chemistry of Planetary Nebulae with ISO-SWSJ. Bernard Salas, S. Hony, S.R. Pottasch, P.R. Wesselius and D.A. Beintema, 2002, RMxAA12, 160Chemical Composition of Planetary Nebulae: Including ISO ResultsS.R. Pottasch, D.A. Beintema, J. Bernard-Salas, and W.A. Feibelman, 2002, RMxAA 12, 100The ISO-SWS Line Spectrum of Planetary Nebula NGC 7027J. Bernard Salas, S.R. Pottasch, D.A. Beintema, and P.R. Wesselius, 2000, ESASP 456, 175
AcknowledgementsI could easily write another chapter thanking all the people who have made not only thisthesis possible but also my stay in Groningen such a great experience.First, I would like to thank Xander, Paul and Stuart. It has been a great pleasure to workwith all of you. Xander, I have enjoyed our meetings very much, especially the way youmotivate me to pursue ideas by myself. In the last period of the thesis when I sometimes feltlost you always had a few words (but very valuable) to support and encourage me to continueworking. Paul, above all I appreciate the great care and detail in which you have followedmy thesis. The patience you had in correcting all kind of draft versions I gave you has beenmore than valuable. Stuart, when I came here I was very excited of having the possibility towork with the guru on PNe. It has been a valuable and rewarding experience. Thanks for thekindness with which you always treated me and for being available at anytime to answer thebillions of questions and resolve the doubts I always had.I would like to express my gratitude to Mike Barlow, Rens Waters and Thijs van derHulst, members of my reading committee, whose insightful comments and suggestions haveimproved this thesis.Chapter 5 of this thesis is the result of a collaboration with Paola Marigo. Thanks Paolafor your enthusiasm and hard work on the project, and for teaching me the ins and outs ofnuclear burning. During this collaboration I had the opportunity to visit in three occasionsthe Università di Padova and, of course, taste the nice Italian food. Thanks Paola and Leo foryour hospitality.In the last year of my thesis I had the opportunity to start a collaboration with MarianoMéndez on the study of X-rays in PNe with XMM-Newton. Muchas gracias Mariano por tuentusiasmo y dedicación en el proyecto, y por hacerme sentir bienvenido a Urecht. Me alegramucho saber que podremos trabajar juntos en una PN, y ojala que en el futuro sean más!In the stressful and inhuman last stages of the thesis I received invaluable help from manypeople. This help has come in the form of a an answer to a last minute question, a plot, adiscussion, or support in my lowest hours. I would like to thank especially Marco Spaans,Emilio, Xander, Mirjam, Eline, and Juan Cami, and extend my gratitude to, Sacha Hony,Frank Molster, Leticia, Scott, Henrik and John Lattanzio.This thesis would not have been possible without the help of the SWS team; Russ, Fred,Do and Douwe. I have annoyed them with my questions on data reduction ever since I gothere. Thanks for offering me your help and for taking your time to solve my problems aspromptly as possible. Special thanks for Russ, who I assisted in the Statistical Methodscourse from which I have learned a big deal. Thanks Douwe for introducing me for the fist
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RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT GRONINGENPhysics
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To my parents
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Contents1 Introduction 11.1 Evoluti
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CONTENTSvii5 Probing AGB nucleosynt
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1IntroductionPLANETARY NEBULAE are
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1.1. Evolution of low and intermedi
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1.2. Planetary Nebulae 5Flash−Dri
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1.3. Physics in PNe 7their whole li
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1.3. Physics in PNe 95.35 eVO IIIλ
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1.4. Studying PNe in the infrared 1
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2The ISO-SWS Spectrum ofPlanetary N
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2.3. Data reduction 15Table 2.1-. C
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2.4. Line flux discussion 17Table 2
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2.5. The visual and the ultraviolet
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2.6. Analysis 21Table 2.5-. Electro
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24 CHAPTER 2: The ISO-SWS Spectrum
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3An ISO and IUE study of PlanetaryN
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3.3. Corrections to line fluxes 33[
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3.4. Line fluxes 35Table 3.1-. Comp
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Table 3.3-. IUE intensities, fluxes
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3.5. Physical parameters 393.4.3 Op
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3.5. Physical parameters 41Table 3.
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3.6. Chemical abundances 43Table 3.
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3.6. Chemical abundances 45Table 3.
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3.7. Conclusions 47Acknowledgements
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50 CHAPTER 4: Abundances of Planeta
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5Probing AGB nucleosynthesis viaacc
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5.1. Introduction 71about the synth
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Table 5.2-. Radius, Zanstra tempera
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5.3. Accurate abundances of ISO-obs
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5.3. Accurate abundances of ISO-obs
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5.4. Nucleosynthesis in low- and in
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5.5. Synthetic TP-AGB calculations
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5.6. Comparison between models and
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5.7. Summary and conclusions 103Fig
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5.7. Summary and conclusions 105A s
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6Physical Conditions in PDRs around
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6.2. Observations 109are not promin
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6.4. General parameters of the PNe
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6.4. General parameters of the PNe
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Table 6.3-. Radius, Zanstra tempera
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6.6. Lines fluxes 117Figure 6.2-. S
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6.7. Physical conditions of the PDR
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Page 135 and 136: 6.8. PDRs versus Shocks 127Figure 6
Page 137 and 138: 6.10. Atomic, ionized and molecular
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Page 141 and 142: 6.11. General discussion 133Table 6
Page 143 and 144: 6.11. General discussion 135Figure
Page 145 and 146: 6.12. Summary and Conclusions 137su
Page 147 and 148: 7Conclusions and future workTHE res
Page 149 and 150: 141• PNe with He/H > 0.14. The st
Page 151 and 152: 143HERSCHEL The launch of this sate
Page 153 and 154: Nederlandse SamenvattingSTERREN wor
Page 155 and 156: Nederlandse Samenvatting 147Figuur
Page 157 and 158: Nederlandse Samenvatting 149PHOTOIO
Page 159 and 160: Nederlandse Samenvatting 151Figuur
Page 161 and 162: Nederlandse Samenvatting 153infraro
Page 163 and 164: English SummarySTARS are born, live
Page 165 and 166: English Summary 157Figure 2-. Two e
Page 167 and 168: English Summary 159PHOTOIONIZATIONR
Page 169 and 170: English Summary 161Figure 5-. Spect
Page 171 and 172: English Summary 163all) stages of i
Page 173 and 174: BibliographyAcker A., Marcout J., O
Page 175 and 176: BIBLIOGRAPHY 167Henry R.B.C., Kwitt
Page 177 and 178: BIBLIOGRAPHY 169Pottasch S.R., Bern
Page 179: List of PublicationsPublications in
Page 183: Acknowledgements 175sense of humor,
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thesis - IRS, The Infrared Spectrograph

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