thesis - IRS, The Infrared Spectrograph

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viCONTENTS3 An ISO and IUE study of Planetary Nebula NGC 2440 313.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323.2 ISO and IUE observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323.3 Corrections to line fluxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333.3.1 Extinction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333.3.2 Aperture corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343.4 Line fluxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.4.1 Infrared spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.4.2 Ultraviolet spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363.4.3 Optical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393.5 Physical parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393.5.1 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393.5.2 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413.6 Chemical abundances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423.6.1 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423.6.2 Discussion of the abundances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 Abundances of Planetary Nebulae BD+30 3639 and NGC 6543 494.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504.1.1 BD+30 3639 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504.1.2 NGC 6543 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504.1.3 Layout of this chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514.2 Observations and data reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514.2.1 ISO observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514.2.2 Ultraviolet and optical observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524.3 Aperture corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534.4 Infrared spectrum and extinction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544.4.1 BD+30 3639 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544.4.2 NGC 6543 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574.5 The visual and the ultraviolet spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574.5.1 BD+30 3639 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584.5.2 NGC 6543 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604.6 Physical conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604.6.1 Electron density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614.6.2 Electron temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614.7 Abundances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624.7.1 BD+30 3639 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624.7.2 NGC 6543 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644.7.3 Inhomogeneities in NGC 6543 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
CONTENTSvii5 Probing AGB nucleosynthesis via accurate Planetary Nebula abundances 695.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705.2 Sample of PNe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725.2.2 HR diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745.3 Accurate abundances of ISO-observed PNe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755.3.1 Abundances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755.3.2 Comparison with Solar abundances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785.4 Nucleosynthesis in low- and intermediate-mass stars . . . . . . . . . . . . 795.5 Synthetic TP-AGB calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795.5.1 Nucleosynthesis and mixing assumptions of the TP-AGB model . . 815.6 Comparison between models and observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835.6.1 The starting point: TP-AGB models with solar-scaled molecularopacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835.6.2 Sub-grouping of the ISO sample and comparison with other PNe data 835.6.3 PNe with “normal” He abundances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865.6.4 PNe with extremely high He abundance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925.7 Summary and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036 Physical Conditions in PDRs around Planetary Nebulae 1076.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1086.2 Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1096.3 Reduction techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1106.4 General parameters of the PNe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1116.4.1 HR diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1136.5 The SWS and LWS spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1146.6 Lines fluxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1166.6.1 Analysis of the atomic lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1166.6.2 Background contamination and aperture corrections . . . . . . . . 1166.7 Physical conditions of the PDRs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1196.7.1 G 0 and the FIR flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1196.7.2 Comparison with PDR models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1216.8 PDRs versus Shocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1266.9 H 2 in NGC 7027, Hb 5 and NGC 6302 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1286.9.1 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1286.9.2 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1286.10 Atomic, ionized and molecular mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1296.11 General discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1326.12 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1377 Conclusions and future work 139Nederlandse Samenvatting 145English Summary 155List of Publications 171
Page 1 and 2: RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT GRONINGENPhysics
Page 3 and 4: To my parents
Page 5: Contents1 Introduction 11.1 Evoluti
Page 9 and 10: 1IntroductionPLANETARY NEBULAE are
Page 11 and 12: 1.1. Evolution of low and intermedi
Page 13 and 14: 1.2. Planetary Nebulae 5Flash−Dri
Page 15 and 16: 1.3. Physics in PNe 7their whole li
Page 17 and 18: 1.3. Physics in PNe 95.35 eVO IIIλ
Page 19 and 20: 1.4. Studying PNe in the infrared 1
Page 21 and 22: 2The ISO-SWS Spectrum ofPlanetary N
Page 23 and 24: 2.3. Data reduction 15Table 2.1-. C
Page 25 and 26: 2.4. Line flux discussion 17Table 2
Page 27 and 28: 2.5. The visual and the ultraviolet
Page 29: 2.6. Analysis 21Table 2.5-. Electro
Page 32 and 33: 24 CHAPTER 2: The ISO-SWS Spectrum
Page 39 and 40: 3An ISO and IUE study of PlanetaryN
Page 41 and 42: 3.3. Corrections to line fluxes 33[
Page 43 and 44: 3.4. Line fluxes 35Table 3.1-. Comp
Page 45 and 46: Table 3.3-. IUE intensities, fluxes
Page 47 and 48: 3.5. Physical parameters 393.4.3 Op
Page 49 and 50: 3.5. Physical parameters 41Table 3.
Page 51 and 52: 3.6. Chemical abundances 43Table 3.
Page 53 and 54: 3.6. Chemical abundances 45Table 3.
Page 55: 3.7. Conclusions 47Acknowledgements
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50 CHAPTER 4: Abundances of Planeta
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5Probing AGB nucleosynthesis viaacc
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5.1. Introduction 71about the synth
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Table 5.2-. Radius, Zanstra tempera
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5.3. Accurate abundances of ISO-obs
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5.3. Accurate abundances of ISO-obs
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5.4. Nucleosynthesis in low- and in
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5.5. Synthetic TP-AGB calculations
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5.6. Comparison between models and
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5.7. Summary and conclusions 103Fig
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5.7. Summary and conclusions 105A s
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6Physical Conditions in PDRs around
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6.2. Observations 109are not promin
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6.4. General parameters of the PNe
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6.4. General parameters of the PNe
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Table 6.3-. Radius, Zanstra tempera
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6.6. Lines fluxes 117Figure 6.2-. S
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6.7. Physical conditions of the PDR
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6.8. PDRs versus Shocks 127Figure 6
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6.10. Atomic, ionized and molecular
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6.10. Atomic, ionized and molecular
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6.11. General discussion 133Table 6
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6.11. General discussion 135Figure
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6.12. Summary and Conclusions 137su
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7Conclusions and future workTHE res
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141• PNe with He/H > 0.14. The st
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143HERSCHEL The launch of this sate
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Nederlandse SamenvattingSTERREN wor
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Nederlandse Samenvatting 147Figuur
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Nederlandse Samenvatting 149PHOTOIO
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Nederlandse Samenvatting 151Figuur
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Nederlandse Samenvatting 153infraro
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English SummarySTARS are born, live
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English Summary 157Figure 2-. Two e
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English Summary 159PHOTOIONIZATIONR
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English Summary 161Figure 5-. Spect
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English Summary 163all) stages of i
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BibliographyAcker A., Marcout J., O
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 167Henry R.B.C., Kwitt
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 169Pottasch S.R., Bern
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List of PublicationsPublications in
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AcknowledgementsI could easily writ
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Acknowledgements 175sense of humor,
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