174 Acknowledgementstime to the SWS. And of course, I am grateful to Thijs de Graauw for building the instrument.I would like to thank Hennie, Jackie, Gineke, Greta, Engelien, Petra and Els for helping mewith the amazing world of dutch bureaucracy. I am grateful to Wim, Eite, Kor and Martinfor your assistance with my computer’s problems and George for his cheerful Buenos diasseñores every morning. I am grateful to SRON, NWO, LKBF and Kapteyn Institute for thefinancial support during my PhD research.It is a pleasure to thank all the <strong>IRS</strong> team at Cornell University on the other side of theAtlantic, and especially Jim Houck, Don Barry, Bernhard Brandl, and Laurie McCall. I feltwarmly welcomed during my visit and I am looking forward to start working with you.Groningen has been a wonderful experience and many people are responsible for thisfeeling. Thank you all very much, you made my <strong>thesis</strong> to has less chapters :)Me gustaria agradecer ante todo a Emilio y a Íñigo su amistad. Conoceros ha sido lomejor que me ha pasado aqui. Es increible la de cosas que nos han pasado juntos. Sinduda nuestro viaja a Ibiza fue memorable, especialmente el dia de mi cumpleaños; el Emilioescuchando truenos a las 6:00 am, el diluvio que nos cayó en el coche, la tienda llena debarro, el Íñigo que pierde la sandalia y le pica una avispa, en fin... y acabamos en el karaokecantando la bamba con subtitulos en italiano. Sabed os voy a echare de menos y que esperoque me visiteis y que nuestra amistad sea para siempre. César y Lulu, vuestra amistad laaprecio muchisísimo. Esas tardes matando dragones y gigantes hasta las tantas de la nochehan sabido a mucho. Gracias César por esas charlitas sobre furgo para amenizar el dia enel curre, y por tu ayuda con el dishoso papeleo que hay qye hacer para defender la tesis.Leticia, te debo el haber venido a Groningen, que no es poco, gracias. Te seguí la pista desdeCanarias, pero me temo que no te podre seguir a Ginebra. Os espero a tí y a Carlos con losbrazos abiertos en Cornell. A Jorge y a Isa les debo decenas de cenas. Esos peaso de cocidosy las partiditas a la marrana los recuerdo con mucho sabor.Mercedes, it has been very nice meeting you. I think we managed pretty well livingtogether and sharing the office for 4 years!! Jacquie, it has been very nice sharing the officewith you, especially those meaningless but enjoyable discussions. Thanks of course for takingcare of my english and for your phone calls to cheer me up in the last phase of the <strong>thesis</strong>. Ihope we stay friends wherever we end up. What can I say about my favourite Belgian couple?Choco-Els, thaaaaanks a lot for being my dutch translator and for explaining me that thoseannoying bumps in the spectrum were PAHs (who could have guess it...?). Mr. Juan, thanks,you have save my butt many times with the IDL and many more things, I am more thangrateful to you. Henrik, we both were finishing our <strong>thesis</strong> at the same time. Because of that,we have share many ups and down. I am glad that I will be meeting you at Cornell. Andthanks to Jamie who show me NY. Steph, it has been great to have you as a house mate,and... tu est minable!! Hans, I missed those beers in the Storm. Willem, the trip to the NACwas memorable. Enzo, sorry about the 7up... Alvaro, como pudiste haber perdido las llaves?Esperame en Baltimore! Eline and Annette, when I was feeling down I have found a lot ofcomfort by talking to either of you. Thanks for listening to me and for trying to cheer me up.Annette, too bad we could not go for the meeting of the Clan Ferguson (we will go next year),and E.T. thanks for all your postcards! Jelte, thanks a lot for translating my dutch summary.I have liked very much our conversations on F1, and I hope next year Heerenveen and Betismake it to the Champions!! Peter and Wilfred, I have enjoyed very much going out with you,especially to the Storm. <strong>The</strong>se last months I have been too busy but I hope to make it upnow that I am done. Prepare your livers!! Giuseppina, thanks for your easy going and good
Acknowledgements 175sense of humor, and I am sorry I cannot pronounce your name. You made of partying anart!! Gracias a Carmén por enseñarme a bailar Sevillanas y a Wolfgang por ser tan agradabley alegre. I am grateful as well to my house mates Fabrice and Alex, and to my office mateMirela, for trying to cheer me up at any moment and worrying about my health in the busydays finishing this <strong>thesis</strong>.I would also like to express my gratitude to the following people of the institute fromwhich some of them already left: Jocelyn, Ilse, Léon, Rolf, Joris, Wim, Diah, Ilse, Amina,Neil, Bjorn, Nicola, Katarina, Filippo, Ole, Hanadi, Roelof, Laura, Nissim, Michiel, Edo,Bruno, Miguel, Pablo, Ferry, Nasser, Erik, Rense, Philippe, Isabel, Jean-Pierre, Ronald andAndrew. And from SRON I would like to thank Robert, Caroline, Willem Jan, Pjotr, Nick,Ronald, Frank, David, Brian and Gert. I would also like to thank the students, especiallyLiesbeth, Erwin, Niels, Christian and Teffie. In Amsterdam I was lucky to met a bunch ofnice fellows which I would like to thank: Sacha, Annique, Frank, Ciska, Rien and Coralie.And from Leiden and Leuven I am lucky to have met Garrelt and Caroline.Outside the institute I have a met a great deal of nice people. Me gustaría agradecera Christine, Doutsen, Wendy, Natasja, and Ottla por su amistad. Dankzij salsa had ik hetvoorrecht een paar super-duper-mega-hyper watjes te leren kennen, Marjolijn en Gonny. Hetwas fantastisch om met jullie uit te gaan. Mijn dank gaat ook uit naar Bert, Bart en Bastian.Sjoukje, bedankt voor je diners op het instituut. Román el valiente, vale que quieras matara un gigante, pero con una cuerda... I would like to thank as well the international groupof Amnesty International from which I was an active member and especially, Inma, Sander,Patricia y Harold.Antes de venir a Groningen, pase un muy buen tiempo en Tenerife. Quisiera agradecera Paco Garzón por iniciarme en el infrarojo con CAIN y por el apoyo que recibí durante mitesina. Gracias a tí pude ir al monte a observar!! A Roberto López por su buen carácter y porlo gran persona que eres. Disfrute mucho trabajando contigo. Agradezco tambien a CésarEsteban porque sus clases de medio interstellar fueron esenciales para mi tesis. Graciastambién a Rosa, Ana, Miguel, David, Luís y Granada, Alejandro, Alvaro, Justo y Natalia,Manu, Pablo, Jorge, Kristina e Iván. Y en la peninsula a mis amigos de toda la vida y a peñaque conocí en Sevilla; Susana, Jorge y Raquel, Bruno, Buba, Dani, Manu, Luismi, Javi, Auxi,y Manolo. Gracias a todos por vuestra amistad incondicional.Por último y más importante, quisiera agradecer de todo corazón a mis padres, a mihermana y a mi novia por su amor sin límites. Mamá, Papá, y Nata, todo lo que he conseguidoen esta vida os lo debo a vosotros. Me habeis ayudado a seguir todos mis sueños inclusosabiendo que me podrian llevar lejos de casa. Sabed que donde quiera que Dios me lleve,siempre os tendre a mi lado. También quisiera agradecer a mi familia en general, y sobretodo a mi abuela Concha, mi padrino Jerónimo y mi madrina Fátima. Jorge, gracias porhaber venido a San Pedro en Navidad para cononerme, espero que pueda ir a Canarias enalgun momento.Mijn grote liefde Mirjam, ik wil je bedanken voor je voortdurende steun en liefde. Jehebt voor me gezorgd in de gestresste dagen voor het afmaken van dit proefschrift wanneerik het meest vermoeid was. Gracias por mostrarme el norte cuando estaba perdido, hartelijkbedankt. Wat de toekomst ook mag brengen, ik weet dat jij er deel van zal zijn. Ik weet zekerdat we onze weg zullen vinden. Ik hou van jou.Jerónimo Bernard Salas, Groningen, August 2003
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RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT GRONINGENPhysics
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To my parents
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Contents1 Introduction 11.1 Evoluti
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CONTENTSvii5 Probing AGB nucleosynt
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1IntroductionPLANETARY NEBULAE are
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1.1. Evolution of low and intermedi
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1.2. Planetary Nebulae 5Flash−Dri
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1.3. Physics in PNe 7their whole li
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1.3. Physics in PNe 95.35 eVO IIIλ
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1.4. Studying PNe in the infrared 1
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2The ISO-SWS Spectrum ofPlanetary N
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2.3. Data reduction 15Table 2.1-. C
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2.4. Line flux discussion 17Table 2
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2.5. The visual and the ultraviolet
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2.6. Analysis 21Table 2.5-. Electro
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24 CHAPTER 2: The ISO-SWS Spectrum
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26 CHAPTER 2: The ISO-SWS Spectrum
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28 CHAPTER 2: The ISO-SWS Spectrum
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3An ISO and IUE study of PlanetaryN
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3.3. Corrections to line fluxes 33[
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3.4. Line fluxes 35Table 3.1-. Comp
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Table 3.3-. IUE intensities, fluxes
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3.5. Physical parameters 393.4.3 Op
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3.5. Physical parameters 41Table 3.
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3.6. Chemical abundances 43Table 3.
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3.6. Chemical abundances 45Table 3.
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3.7. Conclusions 47Acknowledgements
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50 CHAPTER 4: Abundances of Planeta
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52 CHAPTER 4: Abundances of Planeta
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54 CHAPTER 4: Abundances of Planeta
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56 CHAPTER 4: Abundances of Planeta
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58 CHAPTER 4: Abundances of Planeta
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60 CHAPTER 4: Abundances of Planeta
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62 CHAPTER 4: Abundances of Planeta
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64 CHAPTER 4: Abundances of Planeta
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66 CHAPTER 4: Abundances of Planeta
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5Probing AGB nucleosynthesis viaacc
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5.1. Introduction 71about the synth
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Table 5.2-. Radius, Zanstra tempera
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5.3. Accurate abundances of ISO-obs
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5.3. Accurate abundances of ISO-obs
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5.5. Synthetic TP-AGB calculations
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5.7. Summary and conclusions 103Fig
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6Physical Conditions in PDRs around
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6.2. Observations 109are not promin
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6.6. Lines fluxes 117Figure 6.2-. S
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- Page 173 and 174: BibliographyAcker A., Marcout J., O
- Page 175 and 176: BIBLIOGRAPHY 167Henry R.B.C., Kwitt
- Page 177 and 178: BIBLIOGRAPHY 169Pottasch S.R., Bern
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