Good Practice in Postoperative and Procedural Pain Management ...

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12 Bellieni C, Bagnoli F, Perrone S et al. Effectof multisensory stimulation on analgesia interm neonates: a randomized controlledtrial. Pediatr Res 2002; 51: 460–463.13 Carbajal R, Lenclen R, Gajdos V et al.Crossover trial of analgesic efficacy of glucoseand pacifier in very preterm neonatesduring subcutaneous injections. Pediatrics2002; 110: 389–393.14 Bauer K, Kettler J, Hellwig M et al. Oralglucose before venepuncture relieves neonatesof pain but stress is still evidenced byincrease in oxygen consumption, energyexpenditure, and heart rate. Pediatr Res2004; 55: 695–700.15 Gradin M, Finnstrom O, Schollin J. Feedingand oral glucose – additive effects onpain reduction in newborns. Early Hum Dev2004; 77: 57–65.16 Stevens B, Yamada J, Ohlsson A. Sucrosefor analgesia in newborn infants undergoingpainful procedures. Cochrane Database SystRev 2004; 3: CD001069.17 Ling J, Qhah B, Van Rostenberghe H. Thesafety and efficacy of oral dextrose forrelieving pain following venepuncture inneonates. Med J Malaysia 2005; 60: 140–145.18 Ogawa SOT, Fujiwara E, Ito K et al. Venepunctureis preferable to heel lance forblood sampling in term neonates. Arch DisChild Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005; 90: F432–F436.19 Johnston CC, Filion F, Campbell-Yeo Met al. Kangaroo mother care diminishespain from heel lance in very preterm neonates:a crossover trial. BMC Pediatr2008; 8: 13.20 Ferber SG, Makhoul IR. Neurobehaviouralassessment of skin-to-skin effects on reactionto pain in preterm infants: a randomized,controlled within-subject trial. ActaPaediatr 2008; 97: 171–176.21 Castrale C, Evans D, Verger C et al. Peritonealdialysis in elderly patients: report fromthe French Peritoneal Dialysis Registry(RDPLF). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010;25: 255–262.22 Weissman A, Aranovitch M, Blazer S et al.Heel-lancing in newborns: behavioral andspectral analysis assessment of pain controlmethods. Pediatrics 2009; 124: e921–e926.23 Codipietro L, Ceccarelli M, Ponzone A.Breastfeeding or oral sucrose solution interm neonates receiving heel lance: a randomized,controlled trial. Pediatrics 2008;122: e716–e721.24 Kashaninia Z, Sajedi F, Rahgozar M et al.The effect of Kangaroo Care on behavioralresponses to pain of an intramuscular injectionin neonates. J Spec Pediatr Nurs 2008;13: 275–280.25 Jain S, Kumar P, McMillan DD. Prior legmassage decreases pain responses to heelstick in preterm babies. J Paediatr ChildHealth 2006; 42: 505–508.26 Cong X, Ludington-Hoe SM, McCain G etal. Kangaroo Care modifies preterm infantheart rate variability in response to heelstick pain: pilot study. Early Hum Dev 2009;85: 561–567.27 Ozdogan T, Akman I, Cebeci D et al. Comparisonof two doses of breast milk andsucrose during neonatal heel prick. PediatrInt 2010; 52: 175–179.28 Kostandy RR, Ludington-Hoe SM, Cong Xet al. Kangaroo Care (skin contact) reducescrying response to pain in preterm neonates:pilot results. Pain Manag Nurs 2008; 9: 55–65.29 Stevens B, Yamada J, Ohlsson A. Sucrosefor analgesia in newborn infants undergoingpainful procedures. Cochrane Database SystRev 2010; 1: CD001069.30 Pillai Riddell RR, Racine NM, Turcotte Ket al. Non-pharmacological management ofinfant and young child procedural pain.Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 10:CD006275.31 Curtis SJ, Jou H, Ali S et al. A randomizedcontrolled trial of sucrose and/or pacifier asanalgesia for infants receiving venipuncturein a pediatric emergency department. BMCPediatr 2007; 7: 27.32 Taddio A, Shah V, Katz J. Reduced infantresponse to a routine care procedure aftersucrose analgesia. Pediatrics 2009; 123:e425–e429.33 Liu MF, Lin KC, Chou YH et al. Usingnon-nutritive sucking and oral glucose solutionwith neonates to relieve pain: a randomisedcontrolled trial. J Clin Nurs 2010; 19:1604–1611.34 Taddio A, Shah V, Hancock R et al. Effectivenessof sucrose analgesia in newbornsundergoing painful medical procedures.CMAJ 2008; 179: 37–43.35 Hatfield LA. Sucrose decreases infant biobehavioralpain response to immunizations: arandomized controlled trial. J Nurs Scholarsh2008; 40: 219–225.36 Lago P, Tiozzo C, Boccuzzo G et al. Remifentanilfor percutaneous intravenous centralcatheter placement in preterm infant: a randomizedcontrolled trial. Pediatr Anesth2008; 18: 736–744.37 Gaspardo CM, Miyase CI, Chimello JT etal. Is pain relief equally efficacious and freeof side effects with repeated doses of oralsucrose in preterm neonates? Pain 2008;137: 16–25.38 Saththasivam P, Umadevan D, Ramli N etal. Venipuncture versus heel prick for bloodglucose monitoring in neonates. SingaporeMed J 2009; 50: 1004–1007.39 Elserafy FA, Alsaedi SA, Louwrens J et al.Oral sucrose and a pacifier for pain reliefduring simple procedures in preterm infants:a randomized controlled trial. Ann SaudiMed 2009; 29: 184–188.40 Okan F, Coban A, Ince Z et al. Analgesiain preterm newborns: the comparativeeffects of sucrose and glucose. Eur J Pediatr2007; 166: 1017–1024.41 Logan P. Venepuncture versus heel prickfor the collection of the Newborn ScreeningTest. Aust J Adv Nurs 1999; 17: 30–36.42 Shah V, Ohlsson A. Venepuncture versusheel lance for blood sampling in term neonates.Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; 4:CD001452.43 Shah VS, Ohlsson A. Venepuncture versusheel lance for blood sampling in term neonates.Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 10:CD001452.44 Taddio A, Ohlsson A, Einarson TR et al. Asystematic review of lidocaine-prilocainecream (EMLA) in the treatment of acutepain in neonates. Pediatrics 1998; 101: E1.45 Jain A, Rutter N. Does topical amethocainegel reduce the pain of venepuncture in newborninfants? A randomised double blindcontrolled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal NeonatalEd 2000; 83: F207–F210.46 Gradin M, Eriksson MGH et al. Painreduction at venepuncture in newborns: oralglucose compared with local anaestheticcream. Paediatrics 2002; 110: 1053–1057.47 Taddio A, Lee C, Yip A et al. Intravenousmorphine and topical tetracaine for treatmentof pain in [corrected] neonates undergoingcentral line placement. JAMA 2006;295: 793–800.48 Jain A, Rutter N. Ultrasound study of heelto calcaneum depth in neonates. Arch DisChild Fetal Neonatal Ed 1999; 80: F243–F245.49 Arena J, Emparanza JI, Nogues A et al.Skin to calcaneus distance in the neonate.Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005; 90:F328–f331.50 Lemyre B, Sherlock R, Hogan D et al. Howeffective is tetracaine 4% gel, before aperipherally inserted central catheter, inreducing procedural pain in infants: a randomizeddouble-blind placebo controlledtrial [ISRCTN75884221]. BMC Med 2006;4: 11.51 Taddio A, Lee C, Yip A et al. 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pain in newborns. Pediatrics 2011; 127:e940–e947.53 Biran V, Gourrier E, Cimerman P et al.Analgesic effects of EMLA cream and oralsucrose during venipuncture in preterminfants. Pediatrics 2011; 128: e63–e70.54 Paes B, Janes M, Vegh P et al. A comparativestudy of heel-stick devices for infantblood collection. Am J Dis Child 1993; 147:346–348.55 Shah V, Taddio A, Kulasekaran K et al.Evaluation of a new lancet device (BDQuikHeel) on pain response and success ofprocedure in term neonates. ArchPediatr Adolesc Med 2003; 157:1075–1078.56 Barker DP, Latty BW, Rutter N. Heelblood sampling in preterm infants: whichtechnique? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed1994; 71: F206–F208.57 Mitchell A, Stevens B, Mungan N et al.Analgesic effects of oral sucrose and pacifierduring eye examinations for retinopathy ofprematurity. Pain Manag Nurs 2004; 5: 160–168.58 Gal P, Kissling GE, Young WO et al. Efficacyof sucrose to reduce pain in prematureinfants during eye examinations for retinopathyof prematurity. Ann Pharmacother2005; 39: 1029–1033.59 Boyle EM, Freer Y, Khan-Orakzai Z et al.Sucrose and non-nutritive sucking for therelief of pain in screening for retinopathy ofprematurity: a randomised controlled trial.Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2006; 91:F166–F168.60 O’Sullivan A, O’Connor M, Brosnahan D etal. Sweeten, soother and swaddle for retinopathyof prematurity screening: a randomisedplacebo controlled trial. Arch DisChild Fetal Neonatal Ed 2010; 95: F419–F422.61 Marsh VA, Young WO, Dunaway KK etal. Efficacy of topical anesthetics to reducepain in premature infants during eye examinationsfor retinopathy of prematurity. AnnPharmacother 2005; 39: 829–833.62 Lichtenstein S. Screening examination ofpremature infants for retinopathy of prematurity.Pediatrics 2006; 117: 572–576.63 Health RCoPaC. UK Retinopathy of PrematurityGuideline. London: RCPCH, 2008.64 Sun X, Lemyre B, Barrowman N et al. Painmanagement during eye examinations forretinopathy of prematurity in preterminfants: a systematic review. Acta Paediatr2010; 99: 329–334.65 Dempsey E, McCreery K. Local anaestheticeye drops for prevention of pain in preterminfants undergoing screening for retinopathyof prematurity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2011; 9: CD007645.66 Kleberg A, Warren I, Norman E et al.Lower stress responses after Newborn IndividualizedDevelopmental Care and AssessmentProgram care during eye screeningexaminations for retinopathy of prematurity:a randomized study. Pediatrics 2008;121: e1267–e1278.67 Kaur G, Gupta P, Kumar A. A randomizedtrial of eutectic mixture of local anestheticsduring lumbar puncture in newborns. ArchPediatr Adolesc Med 2003; 157: 1065–1070.68 Baxter AL, Fisher RG, Burke BL et al.Local anesthetic and stylet styles: factorsassociated with resident lumbar puncturesuccess. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 876–881.69 Anand KJ, Johnston CC, Oberlander TF etal. Analgesia and local anesthesia duringinvasive procedures in the neonate. ClinTher 2005; 27: 844–876.70 Murray MJ, Arthurs OJ, Hills MH et al. Arandomized study to validate a midspinalcanal depth nomogram in neonates. Am JPerinatol 2009; 26: 733–738.71 Arthurs OJ, Murray M, Zubier M et al.Ultrasonographic determination of neonatalspinal canal depth. Arch Dis Child FetalNeonatal Ed 2008; 93: F451–F454.72 Kozer E, Rosenbloom E, Goldman D et al.Pain in infants who are younger than2 months during suprapubic aspiration andtransurethral bladder catheterization: a randomized,controlled study. Pediatrics 2006;118: e51–e56.73 El-Naggar W, Yiu A, Mohamed A et al.Comparison of pain during two methods ofurine collection in preterm infants. Pediatrics2010; 125: 1224–1229.74 Rogers A, Greenwald M, Deguzman M etal. A randomized, controlled trial of sucroseanalgesia in infants younger than 90 days ofage who require bladder catheterization inthe pediatric emergency department. AcadEmerg Med 2006; 13: 617–622.75 Juhl GA, Conners GP. Emergency physicians’practices and attitudes regarding proceduralanaesthesia for nasogastric tubeinsertion. Emerg Med J 2005; 22: 243–245.76 McCullough S, Halton T, Mowbray D et al.Lingual sucrose reduces the pain responseto nasogastric tube insertion: a randomisedclinical trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal NeonatalEd 2008; 93: F100–F103.77 Efe E, Ozer ZC. The use of breast-feedingfor pain relief during neonatal immunizationinjections. Appl Nurs Res 2007; 20: 10–16.78 Hatfield LA, Gusic ME, Dyer AM et al.Analgesic properties of oral sucrose duringroutine immunizations at 2 and 4 months ofage. Pediatrics 2008; 121: e327–e334.79 Hee HI, Goy RW, Ng AS. Effective reductionof anxiety and pain during venouscannulation in children: a comparison ofanalgesic efficacy conferred by nitrousoxide, EMLA and combination. PaediatrAnaesth 2003; 13: 210–216.80 Koh J, Harrison D, Myers R et al. A randomized,double-blind comparison study ofEMLA and ELA-Max for topical anesthesiain children undergoing intravenous insertion.Pediatr Anesth 2004; 14: 977–982.81 Luhmann J, Hurt S, Shootman M et al. Acomparison of buffered lidocaine versusELA-Max before peripheral intravenouscatheter insertions in children. Pediatrics2004; 113: e217–e220.82 Eidelman A, Weiss JM, Lau J et al. Topicalanesthetics for dermal instrumentation: asystematic review of randomized, controlledtrials. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 46: 343–351.83 Stinson J, Yamada J, Dickson A et al.Review of systematic reviews on acute proceduralpain in children in the hospital setting.Pain Res Manag 2008; 13: 51–57.84 Newbury C, Herd DW. Amethocaine versusEMLA for successful intravenous cannulationin a children’s emergency department: arandomised controlled study. Emerg Med J2009; 26: 487–491.85 Uman LS, Chambers CT, McGrath PJ et al.Psychological interventions for needlerelatedprocedural pain and distress in childrenand adolescents. Cochrane DatabaseSyst Rev 2006; 4: CD005179.86 Liossi C, White P, Hatira P. A randomizedclinical trial of a brief hypnosis interventionto control venepuncture-related pain of paediatriccancer patients. Pain 2009; 142: 255–263.87 Lander JA, Weltman BJ, So SS. EMLA andamethocaine for reduction of children’s painassociated with needle insertion. CochraneDatabase Syst Rev 2006; 3: CD004236.88 Davies RJ. Buffering the pain of local anaesthetics:a systematic review. Emerg Med(Fremantle) 2003; 15: 81–88.89 Ekbom K, Jakobsson J, Marcus C. Nitrousoxide inhalation is a safe and effective wayto facilitate procedures in paediatric outpatientdepartments. Arch Dis Child 2005; 90:1073–1076.90 Costello M, Ramundo M, Christopher NCet al. Ethyl vinyl chloride vapocoolant sprayfails to decrease pain associated with intravenouscannulation in children. Clin Pediatr(Phila) 2006; 45: 628–632.91 Farion KJ, Splinter KL, Newhook K et al.The effect of vapocoolant spray on pain dueto intravenous cannulation in children: arandomized controlled trial. CMAJ 2008;179: 31–36.92 Davies EH, Molloy A. Comparison of ethylchloride spray with topical anaesthetic inchildren experiencing venepuncture. PaediatrNurs 2006; 18: 39–43.93 Baxter AL, Cohen LL, McElvery HL et al.An integration of vibration and cold relievesª 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Pediatric Anesthesia, 22 (Suppl. 1), 1–79 29
Page 1 and 2: PediatricAnesthesiaVolume 22 Supple
Page 3 and 4: doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.3838.
Page 5 and 6: 1.6 Contact informationCorresponden
Page 7 and 8: RecommendationsChildren’s self-re
Page 9 and 10: Topical anesthetic preparations, fo
Page 11 and 12: 2.7.6 Laparoscopic surgeryGood prac
Page 13 and 14: In order to assess pain, effective
Page 16 and 17: Postoperative painl NCCPC-PV (Non-C
Page 18 and 19: 68 Broome ME, Richtsmeier A, Maikle
Page 20 and 21: however, reductions in the response
Page 22 and 23: increased success rate (i.e., less
Page 24 and 25: Newer preparations such as liposoma
Page 26 and 27: Good practice pointLubricant contai
Page 28 and 29: most effective. There are a number
Page 32 and 33: venipuncture pain in a pediatric em
Page 34 and 35: 172 van Twillert B, Bremer M, Faber
Page 36 and 37: necessary to ensure that the patien
Page 38 and 39: when compared with LA alone and sal
Page 40 and 41: Peribulbar block improves early ana
Page 42 and 43: Analgesia Table 5.5.1 Sub-umbilical
Page 44 and 45: was more effective with less motor
Page 46 and 47: with using landmark techniques (205
Page 48 and 49: Good practice pointWound infiltrati
Page 50 and 51: Analgesia Table 5.6.4 Urological Su
Page 52 and 53: (298). Ketorolac did not influence
Page 54 and 55: well as the epidural technique for
Page 56 and 57: Good practice pointA multi-modal an
Page 58 and 59: 14 Grainger J, Saravanappa N. Local
Page 60 and 61: day-stay unit. Int J Paediatr Dent
Page 62 and 63: tinuous epidural infusion in childr
Page 64 and 65: 245 Morton NS, O’Brien K. Analges
Page 66 and 67: 321 Taenzer AH, Clark C, Taenzer AH
Page 68 and 69: Section 6.0AnalgesiaContents6.1 Ana
Page 70 and 71: enhance systemic absorption. Lidoca
Page 73 and 74: undergoes hepatic biotransformation
Page 75 and 76: tein binding are reduced and the ha
Page 77 and 78: a low-dose infusion but the child m
Page 79 and 80: Table 6.6.1 Paracetamol dosing guid
Page 81:
steps that health care professional
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