Good Practice in Postoperative and Procedural Pain Management ...

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14 Grainger J, Saravanappa N. Local anaestheticfor post-tonsillectomy pain: a systematicreview and meta-analysis. ClinOtolaryngol 2008; 33: 411–419.15 Sun J, Wu X, Meng Y et al. Bupivacaineversus normal saline for relief of post-adenotonsillectomypain in children: a metaanalysis.Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol2010; 74: 369–373.16 Ozer Z, Gorur K, Altunkan A et al. Efficacyof tramadol versus meperidine for painrelief and safe recovery after adenotonsillectomy.Eur J Anaesthesiol 2003; 20: 920–924.17 Umuroglu T, Eti Z, Ciftci H et al. Analgesiafor adenotonsillectomy in children: a comparisonof morphine, ketamine and tramadol.Paediatr Anaesth 2004; 14: 568–573.18 Ozalevli M, Unlugenc H, Tuncer U et al.Comparison of morphine and tramadol bypatient-controlled analgesia for postoperativeanalgesia after tonsillectomy in children.Paediatr Anaesth 2005; 15: 979–984.19 Akkaya T, Bedirli N, Ceylan T et al. Comparisonof intravenous and peritonsillarinfiltration of tramadol for postoperativepain relief in children following adenotonsillectomy.Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009; 26: 333–337.20 Ugur MB, Yilmaz M, Altunkaya H et al.Effects of intramuscular and peritonsillarinjection of tramadol before tonsillectomy: adouble blind, randomized, placebo-controlledclinical trial. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol2008; 72: 241–248.21 Elhakim M, Khalafallah Z, El-Fattah H etal. Ketamine reduces swallowing-evokedpain after paediatric tonsillectomy. ActaAnaesthesiol Scand 2003; 47: 604–609.22 O’Flaherty J, Lin C. Does ketamine or magnesiumaffect posttonsillectomy pain in children?Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13: 413–421.23 White M, Nolan J. An evaluation of painand postoperative nausea and vomiting followingthe introduction of guidelines fortonsillectomy. Paediatr Anaesth 2005; 15:683–688.24 Ewah BN, Robb PJ, Raw M. Postoperativepain, nausea and vomiting following paediatricday-case tonsillectomy. Anaesthesia2006; 61: 116–122.25 Warnock F, Lander J. Pain progression,intensity and outcomes following tonsillectomy.Pain 1998; 75: 37–45.26 Giannoni C, White S, Enneking FK et al.Ropivacaine with or without clonidineimproves pediatric tonsillectomy pain. ArchOtolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 127:1265–1270.27 Park AH, Pappas AL, Fluder E et al. Effectof perioperative administration of ropivacainewith epinephrine on postoperativepediatric adenotonsillectomy recovery. ArchOtolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004; 130:459–464.28 Owczarzak V, Haddad JJr. Comparison oforal versus rectal administration of acetaminophenwith codeine in postoperative pediatricadenotonsillectomy patients.Laryngoscope 2006; 116: 1485–1488.29 Hullett BJ, Chambers NA, Pascoe EM et al.Tramadol vs morphine during adenotonsillectomyfor obstructive sleep apnea in children.Paediatr Anaesth 2006; 16: 648–653.30 Uysal HY, Takmaz SA, Yaman F et al. Theefficacy of intravenous paracetamol versustramadol for postoperative analgesia afteradenotonsillectomy in children. J ClinAnesth 2011; 23: 53–57.31 Atef A, Fawaz AA. Peritonsillar infiltrationwith tramadol improves pediatric tonsillectomypain. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2008;265: 571–574.32 Antila H, Manner T, Kuurila K et al. Ketoprofenand tramadol for analgesia duringearly recovery after tonsillectomy in children.Paediatr Anaesth 2006; 16: 548–553.33 Moiniche S, Romsing J, Dahl J et al. Nonsteroidalantiinflammatory drugs and therisk of operative site bleeding after tonsillectomy:a quantitative systematic review.Anesth Analg 2003; 96: 68–77.34 Keidan I, Zaslansky R, Eviatar E et al. Intraoperativeketorolac is an effective substitutefor fentanyl in children undergoingoutpatient adenotonsillectomy. PaediatrAnaesth 2004; 14: 318–323.35 Sheeran PW, Rose JB, Fazi LM et al. Rofecoxibadministration to paediatric patientsundergoing adenotonsillectomy. PaediatrAnaesth 2004; 14: 579–583.36 Alhashemi JA, Daghistani MF. Effects ofintraoperative i.v. acetaminophen vs i.m.meperidine on post-tonsillectomy painin children. Br J Anaesth 2006; 96: 790–795.37 Anderson B, Kanagasundarum S, WoollardG. Analgesic efficacy of paracetamol in childrenusing tonsillectomy as a pain model.Anaesth Intensive Care 1996; 24: 669–673.38 Anderson B, Holford N, Woollard G et al.Perioperative pharmacodynamics of acetaminophenanalgesia in children. Anesthesiology1999; 90: 411–421.39 Anderson BJ, Ralph CJ, Stewart AW et al.The dose–effect relationship for morphineand vomiting after day-stay tonsillectomy inchildren. Anaesth Intensive Care 2000; 28:155–160.40 Karaaslan K, Yilmaz F, Gulcu N et al. Theeffects of levobupivacaine versus levobupivacaineplus magnesium infiltration on postoperativeanalgesia and laryngospasm inpediatric tonsillectomy patients. Int J PediatrOtorhinolaryngol 2008; 72: 675–681.41 Inanoglu K, Ozbakis Akkurt BC, TurhanogluS et al. Intravenous ketamine and localbupivacaine infiltration are effective as partof a multimodal regime for reducing posttonsillectomypain. Med Sci Monit 2009; 15:CR539–CR543.42 Gemma M, Piccioni LO, Gioia L et al.Ropivacaine peritonsillar infiltration foranalgesia after adenotonsillectomy in children:a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolledstudy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol2009; 118: 227–231.43 Rhendra Hardy MZ, Zayuah MS, BaharudinA et al. The effects of topical viscouslignocaine 2% versus per-rectal diclofenacin early post-tonsillectomy pain in children.Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 74:374–377.44 Da Conceicao M, Da Conceicao D, CarneiroLeao C. Effect of an intravenous singledose of ketamine on postoperative pain intonsillectomy patients. Paediatr Anaesth2006; 16: 962–967.45 Aydin ON, Ugur B, Ozgun S et al. Painprevention with intraoperative ketamine inoutpatient children undergoing tonsillectomyor tonsillectomy and adenotomy. JClin Anesth 2007; 19: 115–119.46 Taheri R, Seyedhejazi M, Ghojazadeh M etal. Comparison of ketamine and fentanylfor postoperative pain relief in children followingadenotonsillectomy. Pak J Biol Sci2011; 14: 572–577.47 Abu-Shahwan I. Ketamine does not reducepostoperative morphine consumption aftertonsillectomy in children. Clin J Pain 2008;24: 395–398.48 Canbay O, Celebi N, Uzun S et al. Topicalketamine and morphine for post-tonsillectomypain. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2008; 25:287–292.49 Dahmani S, Michelet D, Abback PS et al.Ketamine for perioperative pain managementin children: a meta-analysis of publishedstudies. Paediatr Anaesth 2011; 21:636–652.50 Zhuang PJ, Wang X, Zhang XF et al. Postoperativerespiratory and analgesic effects ofdexmedetomidine or morphine for adenotonsillectomyin children with obstructivesleep apnoea. Anaesthesia 2011; 66: 989–993.51 Pestieau SR, Quezado ZM, Johnson YJ etal. High-dose dexmedetomidine increasesthe opioid-free interval and decreases opioidrequirement after tonsillectomy in children.Can J Anaesth 2011; 58: 540–550.52 Patel A, Davidson M, Tran MC et al. Dexmedetomidineinfusion for analgesia andprevention of emergence agitation in childrenwith obstructive sleep apnea syndromeundergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.Anesth Analg 2010; 111: 1004–1010.56 ª 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Pediatric Anesthesia, 22 (Suppl. 1), 1–79
53 Steward DL, Welge JA, Myer CM. Steroidsfor improving recovery following tonsillectomyin children. Cochrane Database SystRev 2011; Aug 10;(8): CD003997.54 Cardwell M, Siviter G, Smith A. Non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drugs and perioperativebleeding in paediatric tonsillectomy.Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; Apr 18;(2): CD003591.55 Krishna S, Hughes L, Lin S. Postoperativehemorrhage with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatorydrug use after tonsillectomy: a metaanalysis.Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2003; 129: 1086–1089.56 Marret E, Flahault A, Samama C et al.Effects of postoperative, nonsteroidal, antiinflammatorydrugs on bleeding risk aftertonsillectomy: meta-analysis of randomized,controlled trials. Anesthesiology 2003; 98:1497–1502.57 Suresh S, Barcelona S, Young N et al. Postoperativepain relief in children undergoingtympanomastoid surgery: is a regional blockbetter than opioids? Anesth Analg 2002; 94:859–862.58 Suresh S, Barcelona SL, Young NM et al.Does a preemptive block of the great auricularnerve improve postoperative analgesiain children undergoing tympanomastoid surgery?Anesth Analg 2004; 98: 330–333,tableof contents.59 Hasan RA, LaRouere MJ, Kartush J et al.Ambulatory tympanomastoid surgery inchildren: factors affecting hospital admission.Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2004; 130: 1158–1162.60 Deb K, Subramaniam R, Dehran M et al.Safety and efficacy of peribulbar block asadjunct to general anaesthesia for paediatricophthalmic surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 2001;11: 161–167.61 Sheard RM, Mehta JS, Barry JS et al. Subtenonslidocaine injection for postoperativepain relief after strabismus surgery in children:a prospective randomized controlledtrial. J AApos 2004; 8: 314–317.62 Chhabra A, Pandey R, Khandelwal M et al.Anesthetic techniques and postoperativeemesis in pediatric strabismus surgery. RegAnesth Pain Med 2005; 30: 43–47.63 Steib A, Karcenty A, Calache E et al.Effects of subtenon anesthesia combinedwith general anesthesia on perioperativeanalgesic requirements in pediatric strabismussurgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005;30: 478–483.64 Morris B, Watts P, Zatman T et al. Painrelief for strabismus surgery in children: arandomised controlled study of the use ofpreoperative sub-Tenon levobupivacaine. BrJ Ophthalmol 2009; 93: 329–332.65 Morton N, Benham S, Lawson R et al. Diclofenacvs oxybuprocaine eyedrops for analgesiain paediatric strabismus surgery.Paediatr Anaesth 1997; 7: 221–226.66 Bridge HS, Montgomery CJ, Kennedy RAet al. Analgesic efficacy of ketorolac 0.5%ophthalmic solution (Accular) in paediatricstrabismus surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 2000;10: 521–526.67 Kim J, Azavedo L, Bhananker S et al.Amethocaine or ketorolac eyedrops provideinadequate analgesia in pediatric strabismussurgery. Can J Anaesth 2003; 50: 819–823.68 Mendel H, Guarnieri K, Sundt L et al. Theeffects of ketorolac and fentanyl on postoperativevomiting and analgesic requirementsin children undergoing strabismus surgery.Anesth Analg 1995; 80: 1129–1133.69 Kokki H, Homan E, Tuovinen K et al. Preoperativetreatment with i.v. ketoprofenreduces pain and vomiting in children afterstrabismus surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand1999; 43: 13–18.70 Shende D, Das K. Comparative effects ofintravenous ketorolac and pethidine on perioperativeanalgesia and postoperative nauseaand vomiting (PONV) for paediatricstrabismus surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand1999; 43: 265–269.71 Wennstrom B, Reinsfelt B. Rectally administereddiclofenac (Voltaren) reduces vomitingcompared with opioid (morphine) afterstrabismus surgery in children. Acta AnaesthesiolScand 2002; 46: 430–434.72 Anninger W, Forbes B, Quinn G et al. Theeffect of topical tetracaine eye drops onemergence behavior and pain relief afterstrabismus surgery. J AAPOS 2007; 11:273–276.73 Eltzschig H, Schroeder T, Eissler B et al.The effect of remifentanil or fentanyl onpostoperative vomiting and pain in childrenundergoing strabismus surgery. AnesthAnalg 2002; 94: 1173–1177.74 Mikawa K, Nishina K, Maekawa N et al.Dose–response of flurbiprofen on postoperativepain and emesis after paediatric strabismussurgery. Can J Anaesth 1997; 44: 95–98.75 Subramaniam R, Ghai B, Khetarpal M etal. A comparison of intravenous ketoprofenversus pethidine on peri-operative analgesiaand post-operative nausea and vomiting inpaediatric vitreoretinal surgery. J PostgradMed 2003; 49: 123–126.76 Subramaniam R, Subbarayudu S, Rewari Vet al. Usefulness of pre-emptive peribulbarblock in pediatric vitreoretinal surgery: aprospective study. Reg Anesth Pain Med2003; 28: 43–47.77 Chhabra A, Sinha R, Subramaniam R et al.Comparison of sub-Tenon’s block with i.v.fentanyl for paediatric vitreoretinal surgery.Br J Anaesth 2009; 103: 739–743.78 Ghai B, Ram J, Makkar JK et al. Subtenonblock compared to intravenous fentanyl forperioperative analgesia in pediatric cataractsurgery. Anesth Analg 2009; 108: 1132–1138.79 Parulekar MV, Berg S, Elston JS. Adjunctiveperibulbar anaesthesia for paediatricophthalmic surgery: are the risks justified?Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12: 85–86.80 Ghai B, Makkar JK, Chari P et al. Additionof midazolam to continuous postoperativeepidural bupivacaine infusion reducesrequirement for rescue analgesia in childrenundergoing upper abdominal and flank surgery.J Clin Anesth 2009; 21: 113–119.81 Sinha R, Subramaniam R, Chhabra A et al.Comparison of topical lignocaine gel andfentanyl for perioperative analgesia in childrenundergoing cataract surgery. PaediatrAnaesth 2009; 19: 371–375.82 Gazal G, Mackie IC. A comparison of paracetamol,ibuprofen or their combinationfor pain relief following extractions in childrenunder general anaesthesia: a randomizedcontrolled trial. Int J Paediatr Dent2007; 17: 169–177.83 Leong KJ, Roberts GJ, Ashley PF. Perioperativelocal anaesthetic in young paediatricpatients undergoing extractions under outpatient‘short-case’ general anaesthesia. Adouble-blind randomised controlled trial. BrDent J 2007; 203: E11;discussion 334–335.84 Sammons HM, Unsworth V, Gray C et al.Randomized controlled trial of the intraligamentaluse of a local anaesthetic (lignocaine2%) versus controls in paediatric toothextraction. Int J Paediatr Dent 2007; 17:297–303.85 Andrzejowski J, Lamb L. The effect ofswabs soaked in bupivacaine and epinephrinefor pain relief following simple dentalextractions in children. Anaesthesia 2002;57: 281–283.86 Gazal G, Bowman R, Worthington HV etal. A double-blind randomized controlledtrial investigating the effectiveness of topicalbupivacaine in reducing distress in childrenfollowing extractions under generalanaesthesia. Int J Paediatr Dent 2004; 14:425–431.87 Anand P, Wilson R, Sheehy EC. Intraligamentalanalgesia for post-operative paincontrol in children having dental extractionsunder general anaesthesia. Eur J PaediatrDent 2005; 6: 10–15.88 McWilliams PA, Rutherford JS. Assessmentof early postoperative pain and haemorrhagein young children undergoing dentalextractions under general anaesthesia. Int JPaediatr Dent 2007; 17: 352–357.89 Atan S, Ashley P, Gilthorpe MS et al. Morbidityfollowing dental treatment of childrenunder intubation general anaesthesia in aª 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Pediatric Anesthesia, 22 (Suppl. 1), 1–79 57
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PediatricAnesthesiaVolume 22 Supple
Page 3 and 4:
doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.3838.
Page 5 and 6:
1.6 Contact informationCorresponden
Page 7 and 8: RecommendationsChildren’s self-re
Page 9 and 10: Topical anesthetic preparations, fo
Page 11 and 12: 2.7.6 Laparoscopic surgeryGood prac
Page 13 and 14: In order to assess pain, effective
Page 16 and 17: Postoperative painl NCCPC-PV (Non-C
Page 18 and 19: 68 Broome ME, Richtsmeier A, Maikle
Page 20 and 21: however, reductions in the response
Page 22 and 23: increased success rate (i.e., less
Page 24 and 25: Newer preparations such as liposoma
Page 26 and 27: Good practice pointLubricant contai
Page 28 and 29: most effective. There are a number
Page 30 and 31: 12 Bellieni C, Bagnoli F, Perrone S
Page 32 and 33: venipuncture pain in a pediatric em
Page 34 and 35: 172 van Twillert B, Bremer M, Faber
Page 36 and 37: necessary to ensure that the patien
Page 38 and 39: when compared with LA alone and sal
Page 40 and 41: Peribulbar block improves early ana
Page 42 and 43: Analgesia Table 5.5.1 Sub-umbilical
Page 44 and 45: was more effective with less motor
Page 46 and 47: with using landmark techniques (205
Page 48 and 49: Good practice pointWound infiltrati
Page 50 and 51: Analgesia Table 5.6.4 Urological Su
Page 52 and 53: (298). Ketorolac did not influence
Page 54 and 55: well as the epidural technique for
Page 56 and 57: Good practice pointA multi-modal an
Page 60 and 61: day-stay unit. Int J Paediatr Dent
Page 62 and 63: tinuous epidural infusion in childr
Page 64 and 65: 245 Morton NS, O’Brien K. Analges
Page 66 and 67: 321 Taenzer AH, Clark C, Taenzer AH
Page 68 and 69: Section 6.0AnalgesiaContents6.1 Ana
Page 70 and 71: enhance systemic absorption. Lidoca
Page 73 and 74: undergoes hepatic biotransformation
Page 75 and 76: tein binding are reduced and the ha
Page 77 and 78: a low-dose infusion but the child m
Page 79 and 80: Table 6.6.1 Paracetamol dosing guid
Page 81: steps that health care professional
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