12 Bellieni C, Bagnoli F, Perrone S et al. Effectof multisensory stimulation on analgesia <strong>in</strong>term neonates: a r<strong>and</strong>omized controlledtrial. Pediatr Res 2002; 51: 460–463.13 Carbajal R, Lenclen R, Gajdos V et al.Crossover trial of analgesic efficacy of glucose<strong>and</strong> pacifier <strong>in</strong> very preterm neonatesdur<strong>in</strong>g subcutaneous <strong>in</strong>jections. Pediatrics2002; 110: 389–393.14 Bauer K, Kettler J, Hellwig M et al. Oralglucose before venepuncture relieves neonatesof pa<strong>in</strong> but stress is still evidenced by<strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> oxygen consumption, energyexpenditure, <strong>and</strong> heart rate. Pediatr Res2004; 55: 695–700.15 Grad<strong>in</strong> M, F<strong>in</strong>nstrom O, Scholl<strong>in</strong> J. Feed<strong>in</strong>g<strong>and</strong> oral glucose – additive effects onpa<strong>in</strong> reduction <strong>in</strong> newborns. Early Hum Dev2004; 77: 57–65.16 Stevens B, Yamada J, Ohlsson A. Sucrosefor analgesia <strong>in</strong> newborn <strong>in</strong>fants undergo<strong>in</strong>gpa<strong>in</strong>ful procedures. Cochrane Database SystRev 2004; 3: CD001069.17 L<strong>in</strong>g J, Qhah B, Van Rostenberghe H. Thesafety <strong>and</strong> efficacy of oral dextrose forreliev<strong>in</strong>g pa<strong>in</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g venepuncture <strong>in</strong>neonates. Med J Malaysia 2005; 60: 140–145.18 Ogawa SOT, Fujiwara E, Ito K et al. Venepunctureis preferable to heel lance forblood sampl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> term neonates. Arch DisChild Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005; 90: F432–F436.19 Johnston CC, Filion F, Campbell-Yeo Met al. Kangaroo mother care dim<strong>in</strong>ishespa<strong>in</strong> from heel lance <strong>in</strong> very preterm neonates:a crossover trial. BMC Pediatr2008; 8: 13.20 Ferber SG, Makhoul IR. Neurobehaviouralassessment of sk<strong>in</strong>-to-sk<strong>in</strong> effects on reactionto pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> preterm <strong>in</strong>fants: a r<strong>and</strong>omized,controlled with<strong>in</strong>-subject trial. ActaPaediatr 2008; 97: 171–176.21 Castrale C, Evans D, Verger C et al. Peritonealdialysis <strong>in</strong> elderly patients: report fromthe French Peritoneal Dialysis Registry(RDPLF). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010;25: 255–262.22 Weissman A, Aranovitch M, Blazer S et al.Heel-lanc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> newborns: behavioral <strong>and</strong>spectral analysis assessment of pa<strong>in</strong> controlmethods. Pediatrics 2009; 124: e921–e926.23 Codipietro L, Ceccarelli M, Ponzone A.Breastfeed<strong>in</strong>g or oral sucrose solution <strong>in</strong>term neonates receiv<strong>in</strong>g heel lance: a r<strong>and</strong>omized,controlled trial. Pediatrics 2008;122: e716–e721.24 Kashan<strong>in</strong>ia Z, Sajedi F, Rahgozar M et al.The effect of Kangaroo Care on behavioralresponses to pa<strong>in</strong> of an <strong>in</strong>tramuscular <strong>in</strong>jection<strong>in</strong> neonates. J Spec Pediatr Nurs 2008;13: 275–280.25 Ja<strong>in</strong> S, Kumar P, McMillan DD. Prior legmassage decreases pa<strong>in</strong> responses to heelstick <strong>in</strong> preterm babies. J Paediatr ChildHealth 2006; 42: 505–508.26 Cong X, Lud<strong>in</strong>gton-Hoe SM, McCa<strong>in</strong> G etal. Kangaroo Care modifies preterm <strong>in</strong>fantheart rate variability <strong>in</strong> response to heelstick pa<strong>in</strong>: pilot study. Early Hum Dev 2009;85: 561–567.27 Ozdogan T, Akman I, Cebeci D et al. Comparisonof two doses of breast milk <strong>and</strong>sucrose dur<strong>in</strong>g neonatal heel prick. PediatrInt 2010; 52: 175–179.28 Kost<strong>and</strong>y RR, Lud<strong>in</strong>gton-Hoe SM, Cong Xet al. Kangaroo Care (sk<strong>in</strong> contact) reducescry<strong>in</strong>g response to pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> preterm neonates:pilot results. Pa<strong>in</strong> Manag Nurs 2008; 9: 55–65.29 Stevens B, Yamada J, Ohlsson A. Sucrosefor analgesia <strong>in</strong> newborn <strong>in</strong>fants undergo<strong>in</strong>gpa<strong>in</strong>ful procedures. Cochrane Database SystRev 2010; 1: CD001069.30 Pillai Riddell RR, Rac<strong>in</strong>e NM, Turcotte Ket al. Non-pharmacological management of<strong>in</strong>fant <strong>and</strong> young child procedural pa<strong>in</strong>.Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 10:CD006275.31 Curtis SJ, Jou H, Ali S et al. A r<strong>and</strong>omizedcontrolled trial of sucrose <strong>and</strong>/or pacifier asanalgesia for <strong>in</strong>fants receiv<strong>in</strong>g venipuncture<strong>in</strong> a pediatric emergency department. BMCPediatr 2007; 7: 27.32 Taddio A, Shah V, Katz J. Reduced <strong>in</strong>fantresponse to a rout<strong>in</strong>e care procedure aftersucrose analgesia. Pediatrics 2009; 123:e425–e429.33 Liu MF, L<strong>in</strong> KC, Chou YH et al. Us<strong>in</strong>gnon-nutritive suck<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> oral glucose solutionwith neonates to relieve pa<strong>in</strong>: a r<strong>and</strong>omisedcontrolled trial. J Cl<strong>in</strong> Nurs 2010; 19:1604–1611.34 Taddio A, Shah V, Hancock R et al. Effectivenessof sucrose analgesia <strong>in</strong> newbornsundergo<strong>in</strong>g pa<strong>in</strong>ful medical procedures.CMAJ 2008; 179: 37–43.35 Hatfield LA. Sucrose decreases <strong>in</strong>fant biobehavioralpa<strong>in</strong> response to immunizations: ar<strong>and</strong>omized controlled trial. J Nurs Scholarsh2008; 40: 219–225.36 Lago P, Tiozzo C, Boccuzzo G et al. Remifentanilfor percutaneous <strong>in</strong>travenous centralcatheter placement <strong>in</strong> preterm <strong>in</strong>fant: a r<strong>and</strong>omizedcontrolled trial. Pediatr Anesth2008; 18: 736–744.37 Gaspardo CM, Miyase CI, Chimello JT etal. Is pa<strong>in</strong> relief equally efficacious <strong>and</strong> freeof side effects with repeated doses of oralsucrose <strong>in</strong> preterm neonates? Pa<strong>in</strong> 2008;137: 16–25.38 Saththasivam P, Umadevan D, Ramli N etal. Venipuncture versus heel prick for bloodglucose monitor<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> neonates. S<strong>in</strong>gaporeMed J 2009; 50: 1004–1007.39 Elserafy FA, Alsaedi SA, Louwrens J et al.Oral sucrose <strong>and</strong> a pacifier for pa<strong>in</strong> reliefdur<strong>in</strong>g simple procedures <strong>in</strong> preterm <strong>in</strong>fants:a r<strong>and</strong>omized controlled trial. Ann SaudiMed 2009; 29: 184–188.40 Okan F, Coban A, Ince Z et al. Analgesia<strong>in</strong> preterm newborns: the comparativeeffects of sucrose <strong>and</strong> glucose. Eur J Pediatr2007; 166: 1017–1024.41 Logan P. Venepuncture versus heel prickfor the collection of the Newborn Screen<strong>in</strong>gTest. Aust J Adv Nurs 1999; 17: 30–36.42 Shah V, Ohlsson A. Venepuncture versusheel lance for blood sampl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> term neonates.Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; 4:CD001452.43 Shah VS, Ohlsson A. Venepuncture versusheel lance for blood sampl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> term neonates.Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 10:CD001452.44 Taddio A, Ohlsson A, E<strong>in</strong>arson TR et al. Asystematic review of lidoca<strong>in</strong>e-priloca<strong>in</strong>ecream (EMLA) <strong>in</strong> the treatment of acutepa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> neonates. Pediatrics 1998; 101: E1.45 Ja<strong>in</strong> A, Rutter N. Does topical amethoca<strong>in</strong>egel reduce the pa<strong>in</strong> of venepuncture <strong>in</strong> newborn<strong>in</strong>fants? A r<strong>and</strong>omised double bl<strong>in</strong>dcontrolled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal NeonatalEd 2000; 83: F207–F210.46 Grad<strong>in</strong> M, Eriksson MGH et al. Pa<strong>in</strong>reduction at venepuncture <strong>in</strong> newborns: oralglucose compared with local anaestheticcream. Paediatrics 2002; 110: 1053–1057.47 Taddio A, Lee C, Yip A et al. Intravenousmorph<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> topical tetraca<strong>in</strong>e for treatmentof pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> [corrected] neonates undergo<strong>in</strong>gcentral l<strong>in</strong>e placement. JAMA 2006;295: 793–800.48 Ja<strong>in</strong> A, Rutter N. Ultrasound study of heelto calcaneum depth <strong>in</strong> neonates. Arch DisChild Fetal Neonatal Ed 1999; 80: F243–F245.49 Arena J, Emparanza JI, Nogues A et al.Sk<strong>in</strong> to calcaneus distance <strong>in</strong> the neonate.Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005; 90:F328–f331.50 Lemyre B, Sherlock R, Hogan D et al. Howeffective is tetraca<strong>in</strong>e 4% gel, before aperipherally <strong>in</strong>serted central catheter, <strong>in</strong>reduc<strong>in</strong>g procedural pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>fants: a r<strong>and</strong>omizeddouble-bl<strong>in</strong>d placebo controlledtrial [ISRCTN75884221]. BMC Med 2006;4: 11.51 Taddio A, Lee C, Yip A et al. Intravenousmorph<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> topical tetraca<strong>in</strong>e for treatmentof pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> [corrected] neonates undergo<strong>in</strong>gcentral l<strong>in</strong>e placement.[erratumappears <strong>in</strong> JAMA. 2006 Apr]5;295(13):1518]. JAMA 2006; 295: 793–800.52 Taddio A, Shah V, Stephens D et al.Effect of liposomal lidoca<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> sucrosealone <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> comb<strong>in</strong>ation for venipuncture28 ª 2012 Blackwell Publish<strong>in</strong>g Ltd, Pediatric Anesthesia, 22 (Suppl. 1), 1–79
pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> newborns. Pediatrics 2011; 127:e940–e947.53 Biran V, Gourrier E, Cimerman P et al.Analgesic effects of EMLA cream <strong>and</strong> oralsucrose dur<strong>in</strong>g venipuncture <strong>in</strong> preterm<strong>in</strong>fants. Pediatrics 2011; 128: e63–e70.54 Paes B, Janes M, Vegh P et al. A comparativestudy of heel-stick devices for <strong>in</strong>fantblood collection. Am J Dis Child 1993; 147:346–348.55 Shah V, Taddio A, Kulasekaran K et al.Evaluation of a new lancet device (BDQuikHeel) on pa<strong>in</strong> response <strong>and</strong> success ofprocedure <strong>in</strong> term neonates. ArchPediatr Adolesc Med 2003; 157:1075–1078.56 Barker DP, Latty BW, Rutter N. Heelblood sampl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> preterm <strong>in</strong>fants: whichtechnique? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed1994; 71: F206–F208.57 Mitchell A, Stevens B, Mungan N et al.Analgesic effects of oral sucrose <strong>and</strong> pacifierdur<strong>in</strong>g eye exam<strong>in</strong>ations for ret<strong>in</strong>opathy ofprematurity. Pa<strong>in</strong> Manag Nurs 2004; 5: 160–168.58 Gal P, Kissl<strong>in</strong>g GE, Young WO et al. Efficacyof sucrose to reduce pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> premature<strong>in</strong>fants dur<strong>in</strong>g eye exam<strong>in</strong>ations for ret<strong>in</strong>opathyof prematurity. Ann Pharmacother2005; 39: 1029–1033.59 Boyle EM, Freer Y, Khan-Orakzai Z et al.Sucrose <strong>and</strong> non-nutritive suck<strong>in</strong>g for therelief of pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> screen<strong>in</strong>g for ret<strong>in</strong>opathy ofprematurity: a r<strong>and</strong>omised controlled trial.Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2006; 91:F166–F168.60 O’Sullivan A, O’Connor M, Brosnahan D etal. Sweeten, soother <strong>and</strong> swaddle for ret<strong>in</strong>opathyof prematurity screen<strong>in</strong>g: a r<strong>and</strong>omisedplacebo controlled trial. Arch DisChild Fetal Neonatal Ed 2010; 95: F419–F422.61 Marsh VA, Young WO, Dunaway KK etal. Efficacy of topical anesthetics to reducepa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> premature <strong>in</strong>fants dur<strong>in</strong>g eye exam<strong>in</strong>ationsfor ret<strong>in</strong>opathy of prematurity. AnnPharmacother 2005; 39: 829–833.62 Lichtenste<strong>in</strong> S. Screen<strong>in</strong>g exam<strong>in</strong>ation ofpremature <strong>in</strong>fants for ret<strong>in</strong>opathy of prematurity.Pediatrics 2006; 117: 572–576.63 Health RCoPaC. UK Ret<strong>in</strong>opathy of PrematurityGuidel<strong>in</strong>e. London: RCPCH, 2008.64 Sun X, Lemyre B, Barrowman N et al. Pa<strong>in</strong>management dur<strong>in</strong>g eye exam<strong>in</strong>ations forret<strong>in</strong>opathy of prematurity <strong>in</strong> preterm<strong>in</strong>fants: a systematic review. Acta Paediatr2010; 99: 329–334.65 Dempsey E, McCreery K. Local anaestheticeye drops for prevention of pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> preterm<strong>in</strong>fants undergo<strong>in</strong>g screen<strong>in</strong>g for ret<strong>in</strong>opathyof prematurity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2011; 9: CD007645.66 Kleberg A, Warren I, Norman E et al.Lower stress responses after Newborn IndividualizedDevelopmental Care <strong>and</strong> AssessmentProgram care dur<strong>in</strong>g eye screen<strong>in</strong>gexam<strong>in</strong>ations for ret<strong>in</strong>opathy of prematurity:a r<strong>and</strong>omized study. Pediatrics 2008;121: e1267–e1278.67 Kaur G, Gupta P, Kumar A. A r<strong>and</strong>omizedtrial of eutectic mixture of local anestheticsdur<strong>in</strong>g lumbar puncture <strong>in</strong> newborns. ArchPediatr Adolesc Med 2003; 157: 1065–1070.68 Baxter AL, Fisher RG, Burke BL et al.Local anesthetic <strong>and</strong> stylet styles: factorsassociated with resident lumbar puncturesuccess. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 876–881.69 An<strong>and</strong> KJ, Johnston CC, Oberl<strong>and</strong>er TF etal. Analgesia <strong>and</strong> local anesthesia dur<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>vasive procedures <strong>in</strong> the neonate. Cl<strong>in</strong>Ther 2005; 27: 844–876.70 Murray MJ, Arthurs OJ, Hills MH et al. Ar<strong>and</strong>omized study to validate a midsp<strong>in</strong>alcanal depth nomogram <strong>in</strong> neonates. Am JPer<strong>in</strong>atol 2009; 26: 733–738.71 Arthurs OJ, Murray M, Zubier M et al.Ultrasonographic determ<strong>in</strong>ation of neonatalsp<strong>in</strong>al canal depth. Arch Dis Child FetalNeonatal Ed 2008; 93: F451–F454.72 Kozer E, Rosenbloom E, Goldman D et al.Pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>fants who are younger than2 months dur<strong>in</strong>g suprapubic aspiration <strong>and</strong>transurethral bladder catheterization: a r<strong>and</strong>omized,controlled study. 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Emerg Med J 2005; 22: 243–245.76 McCullough S, Halton T, Mowbray D et al.L<strong>in</strong>gual sucrose reduces the pa<strong>in</strong> responseto nasogastric tube <strong>in</strong>sertion: a r<strong>and</strong>omisedcl<strong>in</strong>ical trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal NeonatalEd 2008; 93: F100–F103.77 Efe E, Ozer ZC. The use of breast-feed<strong>in</strong>gfor pa<strong>in</strong> relief dur<strong>in</strong>g neonatal immunization<strong>in</strong>jections. Appl Nurs Res 2007; 20: 10–16.78 Hatfield LA, Gusic ME, Dyer AM et al.Analgesic properties of oral sucrose dur<strong>in</strong>grout<strong>in</strong>e immunizations at 2 <strong>and</strong> 4 months ofage. Pediatrics 2008; 121: e327–e334.79 Hee HI, Goy RW, Ng AS. Effective reductionof anxiety <strong>and</strong> pa<strong>in</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g venouscannulation <strong>in</strong> children: a comparison ofanalgesic efficacy conferred by nitrousoxide, EMLA <strong>and</strong> comb<strong>in</strong>ation. PaediatrAnaesth 2003; 13: 210–216.80 Koh J, Harrison D, Myers R et al. A r<strong>and</strong>omized,double-bl<strong>in</strong>d comparison study ofEMLA <strong>and</strong> ELA-Max for topical anesthesia<strong>in</strong> children undergo<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>travenous <strong>in</strong>sertion.Pediatr Anesth 2004; 14: 977–982.81 Luhmann J, Hurt S, Shootman M et al. Acomparison of buffered lidoca<strong>in</strong>e versusELA-Max before peripheral <strong>in</strong>travenouscatheter <strong>in</strong>sertions <strong>in</strong> children. Pediatrics2004; 113: e217–e220.82 Eidelman A, Weiss JM, Lau J et al. 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A r<strong>and</strong>omizedcl<strong>in</strong>ical trial of a brief hypnosis <strong>in</strong>terventionto control venepuncture-related pa<strong>in</strong> of paediatriccancer patients. Pa<strong>in</strong> 2009; 142: 255–263.87 L<strong>and</strong>er JA, Weltman BJ, So SS. EMLA <strong>and</strong>amethoca<strong>in</strong>e for reduction of children’s pa<strong>in</strong>associated with needle <strong>in</strong>sertion. CochraneDatabase Syst Rev 2006; 3: CD004236.88 Davies RJ. Buffer<strong>in</strong>g the pa<strong>in</strong> of local anaesthetics:a systematic review. Emerg Med(Fremantle) 2003; 15: 81–88.89 Ekbom K, Jakobsson J, Marcus C. Nitrousoxide <strong>in</strong>halation is a safe <strong>and</strong> effective wayto facilitate procedures <strong>in</strong> paediatric outpatientdepartments. Arch Dis Child 2005; 90:1073–1076.90 Costello M, Ramundo M, Christopher NCet al. Ethyl v<strong>in</strong>yl chloride vapocoolant sprayfails to decrease pa<strong>in</strong> associated with <strong>in</strong>travenouscannulation <strong>in</strong> children. Cl<strong>in</strong> Pediatr(Phila) 2006; 45: 628–632.91 Farion KJ, Spl<strong>in</strong>ter KL, Newhook K et al.The effect of vapocoolant spray on pa<strong>in</strong> dueto <strong>in</strong>travenous cannulation <strong>in</strong> children: ar<strong>and</strong>omized controlled trial. CMAJ 2008;179: 31–36.92 Davies EH, Molloy A. Comparison of ethylchloride spray with topical anaesthetic <strong>in</strong>children experienc<strong>in</strong>g venepuncture. PaediatrNurs 2006; 18: 39–43.93 Baxter AL, Cohen LL, McElvery HL et al.An <strong>in</strong>tegration of vibration <strong>and</strong> cold relievesª 2012 Blackwell Publish<strong>in</strong>g Ltd, Pediatric Anesthesia, 22 (Suppl. 1), 1–79 29
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steps that health care professional