Good Practice in Postoperative and Procedural Pain Management ...

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245 Morton NS, O’Brien K. Analgesic efficacyof paracetamol and diclofenac in childrenreceiving PCA morphine[see comment].Br JAnaesth 1999; 82: 715–717.246 Till H, Lochbuhler H, Lochbuhler H et al.Patient controlled analgesia (PCA) in paediatricsurgery: a prospective study followinglaparoscopic and open appendicectomy.Paediatr Anaesth 1996; 6: 29–32.247 Munro F, Fisher S, Dickson U et al. Theaddition of antiemetics to the morphinesolution in patient controlled analgesiasyringes used by children after an appendicectomydoes not reduce the incidence ofpostoperative nausea and vomiting. PaediatrAnaesth 2002; 12: 600–603.248 Dix P, Martindale S, Stoddart P. Doubleblindrandomized placebo-controlled trial ofthe effect of ketamine on postoperative morphineconsumption in children followingappendicectomy. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:422–426.249 Yildiz K, Tercan E, Dogru K et al. Comparisonof patient-controlled analgesia withand without a background infusion afterappendicectomy in children. Paediatr Anaesth2003; 13: 427–431.250 Jensen SI, Andersen M, Nielsen J et al. Incisionallocal anaesthesia versus placebo forpain relief after appendectomy in children –a double-blinded controlled randomisedtrial. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2004; 14: 410–413.251 Habre W, Wilson D, Johnson CM. Extrapyramidalside-effects from droperidol mixedwith morphine for patient-controlled analgesiain two children. Paediatr Anaesth 1999;9: 362–364.252 Wright J. Controlled trial of wound infiltrationwith bupivacaine for postoperative painrelief after appendicectomy in children. Br JSurg 1993; 80: 110–111.253 Ko CY, Thompson JEJr, Alcantara A et al.Preemptive analgesia in patients undergoingappendectomy. Arch Surg 1997; 132: 874–877;discussion 877–878.254 Edwards TJ, Carty SJ, Carr AS et al. Localanaesthetic wound infiltration following paediatricappendicectomy: a randomised controlledtrial: time to stop using localanaesthetic wound infiltration following paediatricappendicectomy? Int J Surg 2011; 9:314–317.255 Lohsiriwat V, Lert-akyamanee N, RushatamukayanuntW. Efficacy of pre-incisionalbupivacaine infiltration on postoperativepain relief after appendectomy: prospectivedouble-blind randomized trial. World J Surg2004; 28: 947–950.256 McNeely J, Farber N, Rusy L et al. Epiduralanalgesia improves outcome followingpediatric fundoplication. A retrospectiveanalysis. Reg Anesth 1997; 22: 16–23.257 Lejus C, Surbled M, Schwoerer D et al.Postoperative epidural analgesia with bupivacaineand fentanyl: hourly pain assessmentin 348 paediatric cases. PaediatrAnaesth 2001; 11: 327–332.258 Wilson GA, Brown JL, Crabbe DG et al. Isepidural analgesia associated with animproved outcome following open Nissenfundoplication? Paediatr Anaesth 2001; 11:65–70.259 Brenn B, Brislin R, Rose J. Epidural analgesiain children with cerebral palsy. Can JAnaesth 1998; 45: 1156–1161.260 Tsui B, Seal R, Koller J et al. Thoracic epiduralanalgesia via the caudal approach inpediatric patients undergoing fundoplicationusing nerve stimulation guidance. AnesthAnalg 2001; 93: 1152–1155.261 Dick AC, Coulter P, Hainsworth AM et al.A comparative study of the analgesiarequirements following laparoscopic andopen fundoplication in children. J LaparoendoscAdv Surg Tech A 1998; 8: 425–429.262 McHoney M, Wade AM, Eaton S et al.Clinical outcome of a randomized controlledblinded trial of open versus laparoscopicNissen fundoplication in infants and children.Ann Surg 2011; 254: 209–216.263 Cho JE, Kim JY, Kim JE et al. Epiduralsufentanil provides better analgesia from24 h after surgery compared with epiduralfentanyl in children. Acta AnaesthesiolScand 2008; 52: 1360–1363.264 Ben-Meir D, Livne PM, Katz J et al. Continuousepidural versus nonepidural analgesiafor post-pyeloplasty pain in children. JUrol 2009; 182: 1841–1844.265 Chamie K, Tanaka ST, Hu B et al. Shortstay pyeloplasty: variables affecting painand length of stay. J Urol 2008; 179: 1549–1552.266 Chamie K, Chi A, Hu B et al. Contemporaryopen ureteral reimplantation withoutmorphine: assessment of pain and outcomes.J Urol 2009; 182: 1147–1151.267 Rowney DA, Aldridge LM. Laparoscopicfundoplication in children: anaesthetic experienceof 51 cases. Paediatr Anaesth 2000;10: 291–296.268 Sekaran P, MacKinlay GA, Lam J. Comparativeevaluation of laparoscopic versusopen nephrectomy in children. Scott Med J2006; 51: 15–17.269 Caione P, Lais A, Nappo SG. One-port retroperitoneoscopicassisted pyeloplasty versusopen dismembered pyeloplasty in youngchildren: preliminary experience. J Urol2010; 184: 2109–2115.270 Chertin B, Ben-Chaim J, Landau EH et al.Pediatric transperitoneal laparoscopic partialnephrectomy: comparison with an agematchedgroup undergoing open surgery.Pediatr Surg Int 2007; 23: 1233–1236.271 Piaggio LA, Noh PH, Gonzalez R. Reoperativelaparoscopic pyeloplasty in children:comparison with open surgery. J Urol 2007;177: 1878–1882.272 Ham WS, Im YJ, Jung HJ et al. Initialexperience with laparoendoscopic single-sitenephrectomy and nephroureterectomy inchildren. Urology 2011; 77: 1204–1208.273 Dick AC, Potts SR. Laparoscopic fundoplicationin children – an audit of fifty cases.Eur J Pediatr Surg 1999; 9: 286–288.274 Koivusalo AI, Korpela R, Wirtavuori K etal. A single-blinded, randomized comparisonof laparoscopic versus open hernia repair inchildren. Pediatrics 2009; 123: 332–337.275 Woldrich JM, Holmes N, Palazzi-Churas Ket al. Comparison of laparoendoscopic single-site,conventional laparoscopic, andopen nephrectomy in a pediatric population.Urology 2011; 78: 74–77.276 Smith RP, Oliver JL, Peters CA. Pediatricrobotic extravesical ureteral reimplantation:comparison with open surgery. J Urol 2011;185: 1876–1881.277 Canon SJ, Jayanthi VR, Lowe GJ. Which isbetter – retroperitoneoscopic or laparoscopicdismembered pyeloplasty in children?J Urol 2007; 178: 1791–1795;discussion1795.278 Baez JJ, Luna CM, Mesples GF et al. Laparoscopictransperitoneal and retroperitonealnephrectomies in children: a change of practice.J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2010;20: 81–85.279 Dingemann J, Kuebler JF, Wolters M et al.Perioperative analgesia strategies in fasttrackpediatric surgery of the kidney andrenal pelvis: lessons learned. World J Urol2010; 28: 215–219.280 Borkar J, Dave N. Analgesic efficacy ofcaudal block versus diclofenac suppositoryand local anesthetic infiltration followingpediatric laparoscopy. J Laparoendosc AdvSurg Tech A 2005; 15: 415–418.281 Sandeman DJ, Bennett M, Dilley AV et al.Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominisplane blocks for laparoscopic appendicectomyin children: a prospective randomizedtrial. Br J Anaesth 2011; 106: 882–886.282 Freilich DA, Houck CS, Meier PM et al.The effectiveness of aerosolized intraperitonealbupivacaine in reducing postoperativepain in children undergoing robotic-assistedlaparoscopic pyeloplasty. J Pediatr Urol2008; 4: 337–340.283 Lako SJ, Steegers MA, van Egmond J et al.Incisional continuous fascia iliaca blockprovides more effective pain relief and fewerside effects than opioids after pelvic osteotomyin children. Anesth Analg 2009; 109:1799–1803.284 Luhmann SJ, Schootman M, SchoeneckerPL et al. Use of femoral nerve blocks in62 ª 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Pediatric Anesthesia, 22 (Suppl. 1), 1–79
adolescents undergoing patellar realignmentsurgery. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ)2008; 37: 39–43.285 Goodarzi M. Comparison of epidural morphine,hydromorphone and fentanyl forpostoperative pain control in childrenundergoing orthopaedic surgery. PaediatrAnaesth 1999; 9: 419–422.286 Lovstad R, Stoen R. Postoperative epiduralanalgesia in children after major orthopaedicsurgery. A randomised study of theeffect on PONV of two anaesthetic techniques:low and high dose i.v. fentanyl andepidural infusions with and without fentanyl.Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2001; 45: 482–488.287 Dadure C, Raux O, Gaudard P et al. Continuouspsoas compartment blocks aftermajor orthopedic surgery in children: a prospectivecomputed tomographic scan andclinical studies. Anesth Analg 2004; 98: 623–628,table of contents.288 Duflo F, Qamouss Y, Remond C et al.Patient-controlled regional analgesia is effectivein children: a preliminary report. Can JAnaesth 2004; 51: 928–930.289 Vas L. Continuous sciatic block for leg andfoot surgery in 160 children. Paediatr Anaesth2005; 15: 971–978.290 Dadure C, Bringuier S, Nicolas F et al.Continuous epidural block versus continuouspopliteal nerve block for postoperativepain relief after major podiatric surgery inchildren: a prospective, comparative randomizedstudy. Anesth Analg 2006; 102:744–749.291 Ganesh A, Rose JB, Wells L et al. Continuousperipheral nerve blockade for inpatientand outpatient postoperative analgesia inchildren. Anesth Analg 2007; 105: 1234–1242,table of contents.292 Ludot H, Berger J, Pichenot V et al. Continuousperipheral nerve block for postoperativepain control at home: a prospectivefeasibility study in children. Reg AnesthPain Med 2008; 33: 52–56.293 Dadure C, Bringuier S, Raux O et al. Continuousperipheral nerve blocks for postoperativeanalgesia in children: feasibility andside effects in a cohort study of 339 catheters.Can J Anaesth 2009; 56: 843–850.294 Khoury CE, Dagher C, Ghanem I et al.Combined regional and general anesthesiafor ambulatory peripheral orthopedic surgeryin children. J Pediatr Orthop B 2009;18: 37–45.295 Ponde VC, Desai AP, Shah DM et al. Feasibilityand efficacy of placement of continuoussciatic perineural catheters solely underultrasound guidance in children: adescriptive study. Paediatr Anaesth 2011; 21:406–410.296 Lovstad RZ, Halvorsen P, Raeder JC et al.Post-operative epidural analgesia with lowdose fentanyl, adrenaline and bupivacaine inchildren after major orthopaedic surgery. Aprospective evaluation of efficacy and sideeffects. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1997; 14: 583–589.297 Bai SJ, Koo BN, Kim JH et al. Comparisonof continuous epidural and intravenousanalgesia for postoperative pain control inpediatric lower extremity surgery. YonseiMed J 2004; 45: 789–795.298 Eberson CP, Pacicca DM, Ehrlich MG. Therole of ketorolac in decreasing length of stayand narcotic complications in the postoperativepediatric orthopaedic patient. J PediatrOrthop 1999; 19: 688–692.299 Hiller A, Meretoja OA, Korpela R et al.The analgesic efficacy of acetaminophen, ketoprofen,or their combination for pediatricsurgical patients having soft tissue or orthopedicprocedures. Anesth Analg 2006; 102:1365–1371.300 Castillo-Zamora C, Castillo-Peralta LA,Nava-Ocampo AA. Dose minimizationstudy of single-dose epidural morphine inpatients undergoing hip surgery under regionalanesthesia with bupivacaine. PaediatrAnaesth 2005; 15: 29–36.301 Rodrigues MR, Paes FC, Duarte LT et al.Postoperative analgesia for the surgical correctionof congenital clubfoot: comparisonbetween peripheral nerve block and caudalepidural block. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2009;59: 684–693.302 Omar AM, Mansour MA, Kamal AS. Psoascompartment block for acute postoperativepain management after hip surgery in pediatrics:a comparative study with caudalanalgesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2011; 36:121–124.303 Duflo F, Sautou-Miranda V, Pouyau A etal. Efficacy and plasma levels of ropivacainefor children: controlled regional analgesiafollowing lower limb surgery. Br J Anaesth2006; 97: 250–254.304 Farid IS, Heiner EJ, Fleissner PR. Comparisonof femoral nerve block and fascia iliacablock for analgesia following reconstructiveknee surgery in adolescents. J Clin Anesth2010; 22: 256–259.305 van Geffen GJ, Pirotte T, Gielen MJ et al.Ultrasound-guided proximal and distal sciaticnerve blocks in children. J Clin Anesth2010; 22: 241–245.306 Antok E, Bordet F, Duflo F et al. Patientcontrolledepidural analgesia versus continuousepidural infusion with ropivacaine forpostoperative analgesia in children. AnesthAnalg 2003; 97: 1608–1611.307 Kay RM, Leathers M, Directo MP et al.Perioperative ketorolac use in childrenundergoing lower extremity osteotomies. JPediatr Orthop 2011; 31: 783–786.308 Fisher W, Bingham R, Hall R. Axillary brachialplexus block for perioperative analgesiain 250 children. Paediatr Anaesth 1999;9: 435–438.309 Altintas F, Bozkurt P, Ipek N et al. Theefficacy of pre- versus postsurgical axillaryblock on postoperative pain in paediatricpatients. Paediatr Anaesth 2000; 10: 23–28.310 Pande R, Pande M, Bhadani U et al. Supraclavicularbrachial plexus block as a soleanaesthetic technique in children: an analysisof 200 cases. Anaesthesia 2000; 55: 798–802.311 Fleischmann E, Marhofer P, Greher M etal. Brachial plexus anaesthesia in children:lateral infraclavicular vs axillary approach.Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13: 103–108.312 Thornton KL, Sacks MD, Hall R et al.Comparison of 0.2% ropivacaine and0.25% bupivacaine for axillary brachialplexus blocks in paediatric hand surgery.Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13: 409–412.313 de Jose Maria B, Tielens LK. Vertical infraclavicularbrachial plexus block in children:a preliminary study. Paediatr Anaesth2004; 14: 931–935.314 Ponde V, Athani B, Thruppal S. Infraclavicularcoracoid approach brachial plexusblock for radial club hand repair. PaediatrAnaesth 2007; 17: 863–866.315 Ponde VC. Continuous infraclavicular brachialplexus block: a modified technique tobetter secure catheter position in infants andchildren. Anesth Analg 2008; 106: 94–96.316 Carre P, Joly A, Cluzel Field B et al. Axillaryblock in children: single or multipleinjection? Paediatr Anaesth 2000; 10: 35–39.317 De Windt AC, Asehnoune K, Roquilly A etal. An opioid-free anaesthetic using nerveblocks enhances rapid recovery after minorhand surgery in children. Eur J Anaesthesiol2010; 27: 521–525.318 Milbrandt TA, Singhal M, Minter C et al.A comparison of three methods of pain controlfor posterior spinal fusions in adolescentidiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa1976) 2009; 34: 1499–1503.319 Blumenthal S, Borgeat A, Nadig M et al.Postoperative analgesia after anterior correctionof thoracic scoliosis: a prospectiverandomized study comparing continuousdouble epidural catheter technique withintravenous morphine. Spine 2006; 31:1646–1651.320 Gauger VT, Voepel-Lewis TD, Burke CN etal. Epidural analgesia compared with intravenousanalgesia after pediatric posteriorspinal fusion. J Pediatr Orthop 2009; 29:588–593.ª 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Pediatric Anesthesia, 22 (Suppl. 1), 1–79 63
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PediatricAnesthesiaVolume 22 Supple
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doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.3838.
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1.6 Contact informationCorresponden
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RecommendationsChildren’s self-re
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Topical anesthetic preparations, fo
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2.7.6 Laparoscopic surgeryGood prac
Page 13 and 14: In order to assess pain, effective
Page 16 and 17: Postoperative painl NCCPC-PV (Non-C
Page 18 and 19: 68 Broome ME, Richtsmeier A, Maikle
Page 20 and 21: however, reductions in the response
Page 22 and 23: increased success rate (i.e., less
Page 24 and 25: Newer preparations such as liposoma
Page 26 and 27: Good practice pointLubricant contai
Page 28 and 29: most effective. There are a number
Page 30 and 31: 12 Bellieni C, Bagnoli F, Perrone S
Page 32 and 33: venipuncture pain in a pediatric em
Page 34 and 35: 172 van Twillert B, Bremer M, Faber
Page 36 and 37: necessary to ensure that the patien
Page 38 and 39: when compared with LA alone and sal
Page 40 and 41: Peribulbar block improves early ana
Page 42 and 43: Analgesia Table 5.5.1 Sub-umbilical
Page 44 and 45: was more effective with less motor
Page 46 and 47: with using landmark techniques (205
Page 48 and 49: Good practice pointWound infiltrati
Page 50 and 51: Analgesia Table 5.6.4 Urological Su
Page 52 and 53: (298). Ketorolac did not influence
Page 54 and 55: well as the epidural technique for
Page 56 and 57: Good practice pointA multi-modal an
Page 58 and 59: 14 Grainger J, Saravanappa N. Local
Page 60 and 61: day-stay unit. Int J Paediatr Dent
Page 62 and 63: tinuous epidural infusion in childr
Page 66 and 67: 321 Taenzer AH, Clark C, Taenzer AH
Page 68 and 69: Section 6.0AnalgesiaContents6.1 Ana
Page 70 and 71: enhance systemic absorption. Lidoca
Page 73 and 74: undergoes hepatic biotransformation
Page 75 and 76: tein binding are reduced and the ha
Page 77 and 78: a low-dose infusion but the child m
Page 79 and 80: Table 6.6.1 Paracetamol dosing guid
Page 81: steps that health care professional
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