Good Practice in Postoperative and Procedural Pain Management ...

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venipuncture pain in a pediatric emergencydepartment. Pediatr Emerg Care 2011; 27:1151–1156.94 Liossi C, White P, Hatira P. Randomizedclinical trial of local anesthetic versus acombination of local anesthetic with selfhypnosisin the management of pediatricprocedure-related pain. Health Psychol2006; 25: 307–315.95 Carraccio C, Feinberg P, Hart LS et al.Lidocaine for lumbar punctures. A help nota hindrance. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med1996; 150: 1044–1046.96 Juarez Gimenez J, Oliveras M, Hidalgo E etal. Anesthetic efficacy of eutectic prilocainelidocainecream in pediatric oncologypatients undergoing lumbar puncture. AnnPharmacother 1996; 30: 1235–1237.97 Kanagasundaram SA, Lane LJ, CavallettoBP et al. Efficacy and safety of nitrousoxide in alleviating pain and anxiety duringpainful procedures. Arch Dis Child 2001; 84:492–495.98 Crock C, Olsson C, Phillips R et al. Generalanaesthesia or conscious sedation for painfulprocedures in childhood cancer: the family’sperspective. 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Comparison of topicalanesthetics and vasoconstrictors vs lubricantsprior to nasogastric intubation: a randomized,controlled trial. Acad Emerg Med1999; 6: 184–190.118 Wolfe TR, Fosnocht DE, Linscott MS.Atomized lidocaine as topical anesthesia fornasogastric tube placement: a randomized,double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. AnnEmerg Med 2000; 35: 421–425.119 Ozucelik DN, Karaca MA, Sivri B. Effectivenessof pre-emptive metoclopramideinfusion in alleviating pain, discomfort andnausea associated with nasogastric tubeinsertion: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlledtrial. Int J Clin Pract 2005;59: 1422–1427.120 Cullen L, Taylor D, Taylor S et al. Nebulizedlidocaine decreases the discomfort ofnasogastric tube insertion: a randomized,double-blind trial. Ann Emerg Med 2004;44: 131–137.121 Babl FE, Goldfinch C, Mandrawa C et al.Does nebulized lidocaine reduce the painand distress of nasogastric tube insertion inyoung children? A randomized, doubleblind,placebo-controlled trial. Pediatrics2009; 123: 1548–1555.122 Cohen L, Blount R, Cohen R et al. Comparativestudy of distraction versus topicalanesthesia for pediatric pain managementduring immunizations. Health Psychol 1999;18: 591–598.123 Cohen LL, MacLaren JE, Fortson BL et al.Randomized clinical trial of distraction forinfant immunization pain. Pain 2006; 125:165–171.124 Chambers CT, Taddio A, Uman LS et al.Psychological interventions for reducingpain and distress during routine childhoodimmunizations: a systematic review. ClinTher 2009; 31(Suppl. 2): S77–S103.125 Cohen Reis E, Holubkov R. Vapocoolantspray is equally effective as EMLA cream inreducing immunization pain in school-agedchildren. Pediatrics 1997; 100: E5.126 Mark A, Carlsson RM, Granstrom M. Subcutaneousversus intramuscular injection forbooster DT vaccination of adolescents. Vaccine1999; 17: 2067–2072.127 Ipp M, Cohen E, Goldbach M et al. Effectof choice of measles-mumps-rubella vaccineon immediate vaccination pain in infants.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004; 158: 323–326.128 Wood C, von Baeyer CL, Bourrillon A etal. Self-assessment of immediate post-vaccinationpain after two different MMR vaccinesadministered as a second dose in 4- to6-year-old children. Vaccine 2004; 23: 127–131.129 Scheifele D, Halperin S, Ochnio J et al. Amodified vaccine reduces the rate of largeinjection site reactions to the pre schoolbooster dose of diphtheria-tetanus-acellularpertussis vaccine: results of a randomizedcontrolled trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005;24: 1059–1066.130 Diggle L, Deeks JJ, Pollard AJ. Effect ofneedle size on immunogenicity and reactogenicityof vaccines in infants: randomisedcontrolled trial. BMJ 2006; 333:571.131 Taddio A, Ilersich AL, Ipp M et al. 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Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2009; 163: 469–472.133 Lewindon PJ, Harkness L, Lewindon N.Randomised controlled trial of sucrose bymouth for the relief of infant crying afterimmunisation. Arch Dis Child 1998; 78:453–456.134 Reis E, Roth E, Syphan J et al. Effectivepain reduction for multiple immunizationinjections in young infants. Arch PediatrAdolesc Med 2003; 157: 1115–1120.135 Cohen LL, Blount RL, Panopoulos G.Nurse coaching and cartoon distraction: aneffective and practical intervention to reducechild, parent, and nurse distress duringimmunizations. J Pediatr Psychol 1997; 22:355–370.136 Kassab M, Sheehy A, King M et al. A double-blindrandomised controlled trial of25% oral glucose for pain relief in 2-monthold infants undergoing immunisation. Int JNurs Stud 2012; 49: 249–246.137 Harrison D, Yamada J, Adams-Webber Tet al. Sweet tasting solutions for reductionof needle-related procedural pain in childrenaged one to 16 years. 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Comparativeefficacy and costs of various topicalanesthetics for repair of dermal lacerations:a systematic review of randomized, controlledtrials. J Clin Anesth 2005; 17: 106–116.153 Eidelman A, Weiss JM, Baldwin CL et al.Topical anaesthetics for repair of dermallaceration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2011; 10: CD005364.154 Hock MO, Ooi SB, Saw SM et al. A randomizedcontrolled trial comparing the hairapposition technique with tissue glue tostandard suturing in scalp lacerations (HATstudy). Ann Emerg Med 2002; 40: 19–26.155 Singer AJ, Stark MJ. Pretreatment of lacerationswith lidocaine, epinephrine, and tetracaineat triage: a randomized double-blindtrial. Acad Emerg Med 2000; 7: 751–756.156 Singer AJ, Stark MJ. LET versus EMLAfor pretreating lacerations: a randomizedtrial. Acad Emerg Med 2001; 8: 223–230.157 Burton JH, Auble TE, Fuchs SM. Effectivenessof 50% nitrous oxide/50% oxygen duringlaceration repair in children. 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Adouble-blind study of the analgesic efficacyof oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate andoral morphine in pediatric patients undergoingburn dressing change and tubbing. JBurn Care Rehabil 2003; 24: 351–355.164 Borland ML, Bergesio R, Pascoe EM et al.Intranasal fentanyl is an equivalent analgesicto oral morphine in paediatric burnspatients for dressing changes: a randomiseddouble blind crossover study. Burns 2005;31: 831–837.165 Fratianne RB, Prensner JD, Huston MJ etal. The effect of music-based imagery andmusical alternate engagement on the burndebridement process. J Burn Care Rehabil2001; 22: 47–53.166 Hernandez-Reif M, Field T, Largie S et al.Childrens’ distress during burn treatment isreduced by massage therapy. J Burn CareRehabil 2001; 22: 191–195; ; discussion 190.167 Das DA, Grimmer KA, Sparnon AL et al.The efficacy of playing a virtual realitygame in modulating pain for children withacute burn injuries: a randomized controlledtrial [ISRCTN87413556]. BMC Pediatr2005; 5: 1.168 Miller K, Rodger S, Bucolo S et al. Multimodaldistraction. Using technology tocombat pain in young children with burninjuries. Burns 2010; 36: 647–658.169 Miller K, Rodger S, Kipping B et al. Anovel technology approach to pain managementin children with burns: a prospectiverandomized controlled trial. Burns 2011; 37:395–405.170 Schmitt YS, Hoffman HG, Blough DK etal. A randomized, controlled trial of immersivevirtual reality analgesia, during physicaltherapy for pediatric burns. Burns 2011; 37:61–68.171 Mott J, Bucolo S, Cuttle L et al. The efficacyof an augmented virtual reality systemto alleviate pain in children undergoingburns dressing changes: a randomised controlledtrial. Burns 2008; 34: 803–808.ª 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Pediatric Anesthesia, 22 (Suppl. 1), 1–79 31
Page 1 and 2: PediatricAnesthesiaVolume 22 Supple
Page 3 and 4: doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.3838.
Page 5 and 6: 1.6 Contact informationCorresponden
Page 7 and 8: RecommendationsChildren’s self-re
Page 9 and 10: Topical anesthetic preparations, fo
Page 11 and 12: 2.7.6 Laparoscopic surgeryGood prac
Page 13 and 14: In order to assess pain, effective
Page 16 and 17: Postoperative painl NCCPC-PV (Non-C
Page 18 and 19: 68 Broome ME, Richtsmeier A, Maikle
Page 20 and 21: however, reductions in the response
Page 22 and 23: increased success rate (i.e., less
Page 24 and 25: Newer preparations such as liposoma
Page 26 and 27: Good practice pointLubricant contai
Page 28 and 29: most effective. There are a number
Page 30 and 31: 12 Bellieni C, Bagnoli F, Perrone S
Page 34 and 35: 172 van Twillert B, Bremer M, Faber
Page 36 and 37: necessary to ensure that the patien
Page 38 and 39: when compared with LA alone and sal
Page 40 and 41: Peribulbar block improves early ana
Page 42 and 43: Analgesia Table 5.5.1 Sub-umbilical
Page 44 and 45: was more effective with less motor
Page 46 and 47: with using landmark techniques (205
Page 48 and 49: Good practice pointWound infiltrati
Page 50 and 51: Analgesia Table 5.6.4 Urological Su
Page 52 and 53: (298). Ketorolac did not influence
Page 54 and 55: well as the epidural technique for
Page 56 and 57: Good practice pointA multi-modal an
Page 58 and 59: 14 Grainger J, Saravanappa N. Local
Page 60 and 61: day-stay unit. Int J Paediatr Dent
Page 62 and 63: tinuous epidural infusion in childr
Page 64 and 65: 245 Morton NS, O’Brien K. Analges
Page 66 and 67: 321 Taenzer AH, Clark C, Taenzer AH
Page 68 and 69: Section 6.0AnalgesiaContents6.1 Ana
Page 70 and 71: enhance systemic absorption. Lidoca
Page 73 and 74: undergoes hepatic biotransformation
Page 75 and 76: tein binding are reduced and the ha
Page 77 and 78: a low-dose infusion but the child m
Page 79 and 80: Table 6.6.1 Paracetamol dosing guid
Page 81: steps that health care professional

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