245 Morton NS, O’Brien K. Analgesic efficacyof paracetamol <strong>and</strong> diclofenac <strong>in</strong> childrenreceiv<strong>in</strong>g PCA morph<strong>in</strong>e[see comment].Br JAnaesth 1999; 82: 715–717.246 Till H, Lochbuhler H, Lochbuhler H et al.Patient controlled analgesia (PCA) <strong>in</strong> paediatricsurgery: a prospective study follow<strong>in</strong>glaparoscopic <strong>and</strong> open appendicectomy.Paediatr Anaesth 1996; 6: 29–32.247 Munro F, Fisher S, Dickson U et al. Theaddition of antiemetics to the morph<strong>in</strong>esolution <strong>in</strong> patient controlled analgesiasyr<strong>in</strong>ges used by children after an appendicectomydoes not reduce the <strong>in</strong>cidence ofpostoperative nausea <strong>and</strong> vomit<strong>in</strong>g. PaediatrAnaesth 2002; 12: 600–603.248 Dix P, Mart<strong>in</strong>dale S, Stoddart P. Doublebl<strong>in</strong>dr<strong>and</strong>omized placebo-controlled trial ofthe effect of ketam<strong>in</strong>e on postoperative morph<strong>in</strong>econsumption <strong>in</strong> children follow<strong>in</strong>gappendicectomy. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:422–426.249 Yildiz K, Tercan E, Dogru K et al. Comparisonof patient-controlled analgesia with<strong>and</strong> without a background <strong>in</strong>fusion afterappendicectomy <strong>in</strong> children. Paediatr Anaesth2003; 13: 427–431.250 Jensen SI, Andersen M, Nielsen J et al. Incisionallocal anaesthesia versus placebo forpa<strong>in</strong> relief after appendectomy <strong>in</strong> children –a double-bl<strong>in</strong>ded controlled r<strong>and</strong>omisedtrial. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2004; 14: 410–413.251 Habre W, Wilson D, Johnson CM. Extrapyramidalside-effects from droperidol mixedwith morph<strong>in</strong>e for patient-controlled analgesia<strong>in</strong> two children. Paediatr Anaesth 1999;9: 362–364.252 Wright J. Controlled trial of wound <strong>in</strong>filtrationwith bupivaca<strong>in</strong>e for postoperative pa<strong>in</strong>relief after appendicectomy <strong>in</strong> children. Br JSurg 1993; 80: 110–111.253 Ko CY, Thompson JEJr, Alcantara A et al.Preemptive analgesia <strong>in</strong> patients undergo<strong>in</strong>gappendectomy. Arch Surg 1997; 132: 874–877;discussion 877–878.254 Edwards TJ, Carty SJ, Carr AS et al. Localanaesthetic wound <strong>in</strong>filtration follow<strong>in</strong>g paediatricappendicectomy: a r<strong>and</strong>omised controlledtrial: time to stop us<strong>in</strong>g localanaesthetic wound <strong>in</strong>filtration follow<strong>in</strong>g paediatricappendicectomy? Int J Surg 2011; 9:314–317.255 Lohsiriwat V, Lert-akyamanee N, RushatamukayanuntW. Efficacy of pre-<strong>in</strong>cisionalbupivaca<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>filtration on postoperativepa<strong>in</strong> relief after appendectomy: prospectivedouble-bl<strong>in</strong>d r<strong>and</strong>omized trial. World J Surg2004; 28: 947–950.256 McNeely J, Farber N, Rusy L et al. Epiduralanalgesia improves outcome follow<strong>in</strong>gpediatric fundoplication. A retrospectiveanalysis. Reg Anesth 1997; 22: 16–23.257 Lejus C, Surbled M, Schwoerer D et al.<strong>Postoperative</strong> epidural analgesia with bupivaca<strong>in</strong>e<strong>and</strong> fentanyl: hourly pa<strong>in</strong> assessment<strong>in</strong> 348 paediatric cases. PaediatrAnaesth 2001; 11: 327–332.258 Wilson GA, Brown JL, Crabbe DG et al. Isepidural analgesia associated with animproved outcome follow<strong>in</strong>g open Nissenfundoplication? Paediatr Anaesth 2001; 11:65–70.259 Brenn B, Brisl<strong>in</strong> R, Rose J. Epidural analgesia<strong>in</strong> children with cerebral palsy. Can JAnaesth 1998; 45: 1156–1161.260 Tsui B, Seal R, Koller J et al. Thoracic epiduralanalgesia via the caudal approach <strong>in</strong>pediatric patients undergo<strong>in</strong>g fundoplicationus<strong>in</strong>g nerve stimulation guidance. AnesthAnalg 2001; 93: 1152–1155.261 Dick AC, Coulter P, Ha<strong>in</strong>sworth AM et al.A comparative study of the analgesiarequirements follow<strong>in</strong>g laparoscopic <strong>and</strong>open fundoplication <strong>in</strong> children. J LaparoendoscAdv Surg Tech A 1998; 8: 425–429.262 McHoney M, Wade AM, Eaton S et al.Cl<strong>in</strong>ical outcome of a r<strong>and</strong>omized controlledbl<strong>in</strong>ded trial of open versus laparoscopicNissen fundoplication <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>fants <strong>and</strong> children.Ann Surg 2011; 254: 209–216.263 Cho JE, Kim JY, Kim JE et al. Epiduralsufentanil provides better analgesia from24 h after surgery compared with epiduralfentanyl <strong>in</strong> children. Acta AnaesthesiolSc<strong>and</strong> 2008; 52: 1360–1363.264 Ben-Meir D, Livne PM, Katz J et al. Cont<strong>in</strong>uousepidural versus nonepidural analgesiafor post-pyeloplasty pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> children. JUrol 2009; 182: 1841–1844.265 Chamie K, Tanaka ST, Hu B et al. Shortstay pyeloplasty: variables affect<strong>in</strong>g pa<strong>in</strong><strong>and</strong> length of stay. J Urol 2008; 179: 1549–1552.266 Chamie K, Chi A, Hu B et al. Contemporaryopen ureteral reimplantation withoutmorph<strong>in</strong>e: assessment of pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> outcomes.J Urol 2009; 182: 1147–1151.267 Rowney DA, Aldridge LM. Laparoscopicfundoplication <strong>in</strong> children: anaesthetic experienceof 51 cases. Paediatr Anaesth 2000;10: 291–296.268 Sekaran P, MacK<strong>in</strong>lay GA, Lam J. Comparativeevaluation of laparoscopic versusopen nephrectomy <strong>in</strong> children. Scott Med J2006; 51: 15–17.269 Caione P, Lais A, Nappo SG. One-port retroperitoneoscopicassisted pyeloplasty versusopen dismembered pyeloplasty <strong>in</strong> youngchildren: prelim<strong>in</strong>ary experience. J Urol2010; 184: 2109–2115.270 Chert<strong>in</strong> B, Ben-Chaim J, L<strong>and</strong>au EH et al.Pediatric transperitoneal laparoscopic partialnephrectomy: comparison with an agematchedgroup undergo<strong>in</strong>g open surgery.Pediatr Surg Int 2007; 23: 1233–1236.271 Piaggio LA, Noh PH, Gonzalez R. Reoperativelaparoscopic pyeloplasty <strong>in</strong> children:comparison with open surgery. J Urol 2007;177: 1878–1882.272 Ham WS, Im YJ, Jung HJ et al. Initialexperience with laparoendoscopic s<strong>in</strong>gle-sitenephrectomy <strong>and</strong> nephroureterectomy <strong>in</strong>children. Urology 2011; 77: 1204–1208.273 Dick AC, Potts SR. Laparoscopic fundoplication<strong>in</strong> children – an audit of fifty cases.Eur J Pediatr Surg 1999; 9: 286–288.274 Koivusalo AI, Korpela R, Wirtavuori K etal. A s<strong>in</strong>gle-bl<strong>in</strong>ded, r<strong>and</strong>omized comparisonof laparoscopic versus open hernia repair <strong>in</strong>children. Pediatrics 2009; 123: 332–337.275 Woldrich JM, Holmes N, Palazzi-Churas Ket al. Comparison of laparoendoscopic s<strong>in</strong>gle-site,conventional laparoscopic, <strong>and</strong>open nephrectomy <strong>in</strong> a pediatric population.Urology 2011; 78: 74–77.276 Smith RP, Oliver JL, Peters CA. Pediatricrobotic extravesical ureteral reimplantation:comparison with open surgery. J Urol 2011;185: 1876–1881.277 Canon SJ, Jayanthi VR, Lowe GJ. Which isbetter – retroperitoneoscopic or laparoscopicdismembered pyeloplasty <strong>in</strong> children?J Urol 2007; 178: 1791–1795;discussion1795.278 Baez JJ, Luna CM, Mesples GF et al. Laparoscopictransperitoneal <strong>and</strong> retroperitonealnephrectomies <strong>in</strong> children: a change of practice.J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2010;20: 81–85.279 D<strong>in</strong>gemann J, Kuebler JF, Wolters M et al.Perioperative analgesia strategies <strong>in</strong> fasttrackpediatric surgery of the kidney <strong>and</strong>renal pelvis: lessons learned. World J Urol2010; 28: 215–219.280 Borkar J, Dave N. Analgesic efficacy ofcaudal block versus diclofenac suppository<strong>and</strong> local anesthetic <strong>in</strong>filtration follow<strong>in</strong>gpediatric laparoscopy. J Laparoendosc AdvSurg Tech A 2005; 15: 415–418.281 S<strong>and</strong>eman DJ, Bennett M, Dilley AV et al.Ultrasound-guided transversus abdom<strong>in</strong>isplane blocks for laparoscopic appendicectomy<strong>in</strong> children: a prospective r<strong>and</strong>omizedtrial. Br J Anaesth 2011; 106: 882–886.282 Freilich DA, Houck CS, Meier PM et al.The effectiveness of aerosolized <strong>in</strong>traperitonealbupivaca<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> reduc<strong>in</strong>g postoperativepa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> children undergo<strong>in</strong>g robotic-assistedlaparoscopic pyeloplasty. J Pediatr Urol2008; 4: 337–340.283 Lako SJ, Steegers MA, van Egmond J et al.Incisional cont<strong>in</strong>uous fascia iliaca blockprovides more effective pa<strong>in</strong> relief <strong>and</strong> fewerside effects than opioids after pelvic osteotomy<strong>in</strong> children. Anesth Analg 2009; 109:1799–1803.284 Luhmann SJ, Schootman M, SchoeneckerPL et al. Use of femoral nerve blocks <strong>in</strong>62 ª 2012 Blackwell Publish<strong>in</strong>g Ltd, Pediatric Anesthesia, 22 (Suppl. 1), 1–79
adolescents undergo<strong>in</strong>g patellar realignmentsurgery. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ)2008; 37: 39–43.285 <strong>Good</strong>arzi M. Comparison of epidural morph<strong>in</strong>e,hydromorphone <strong>and</strong> fentanyl forpostoperative pa<strong>in</strong> control <strong>in</strong> childrenundergo<strong>in</strong>g orthopaedic surgery. PaediatrAnaesth 1999; 9: 419–422.286 Lovstad R, Stoen R. <strong>Postoperative</strong> epiduralanalgesia <strong>in</strong> children after major orthopaedicsurgery. A r<strong>and</strong>omised study of theeffect on PONV of two anaesthetic techniques:low <strong>and</strong> high dose i.v. fentanyl <strong>and</strong>epidural <strong>in</strong>fusions with <strong>and</strong> without fentanyl.Acta Anaesthesiol Sc<strong>and</strong> 2001; 45: 482–488.287 Dadure C, Raux O, Gaudard P et al. Cont<strong>in</strong>uouspsoas compartment blocks aftermajor orthopedic surgery <strong>in</strong> children: a prospectivecomputed tomographic scan <strong>and</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ical studies. Anesth Analg 2004; 98: 623–628,table of contents.288 Duflo F, Qamouss Y, Remond C et al.Patient-controlled regional analgesia is effective<strong>in</strong> children: a prelim<strong>in</strong>ary report. Can JAnaesth 2004; 51: 928–930.289 Vas L. Cont<strong>in</strong>uous sciatic block for leg <strong>and</strong>foot surgery <strong>in</strong> 160 children. Paediatr Anaesth2005; 15: 971–978.290 Dadure C, Br<strong>in</strong>guier S, Nicolas F et al.Cont<strong>in</strong>uous epidural block versus cont<strong>in</strong>uouspopliteal nerve block for postoperativepa<strong>in</strong> relief after major podiatric surgery <strong>in</strong>children: a prospective, comparative r<strong>and</strong>omizedstudy. Anesth Analg 2006; 102:744–749.291 Ganesh A, Rose JB, Wells L et al. Cont<strong>in</strong>uousperipheral nerve blockade for <strong>in</strong>patient<strong>and</strong> outpatient postoperative analgesia <strong>in</strong>children. Anesth Analg 2007; 105: 1234–1242,table of contents.292 Ludot H, Berger J, Pichenot V et al. Cont<strong>in</strong>uousperipheral nerve block for postoperativepa<strong>in</strong> control at home: a prospectivefeasibility study <strong>in</strong> children. Reg AnesthPa<strong>in</strong> Med 2008; 33: 52–56.293 Dadure C, Br<strong>in</strong>guier S, Raux O et al. Cont<strong>in</strong>uousperipheral nerve blocks for postoperativeanalgesia <strong>in</strong> children: feasibility <strong>and</strong>side effects <strong>in</strong> a cohort study of 339 catheters.Can J Anaesth 2009; 56: 843–850.294 Khoury CE, Dagher C, Ghanem I et al.Comb<strong>in</strong>ed regional <strong>and</strong> general anesthesiafor ambulatory peripheral orthopedic surgery<strong>in</strong> children. J Pediatr Orthop B 2009;18: 37–45.295 Ponde VC, Desai AP, Shah DM et al. Feasibility<strong>and</strong> efficacy of placement of cont<strong>in</strong>uoussciatic per<strong>in</strong>eural catheters solely underultrasound guidance <strong>in</strong> children: adescriptive study. Paediatr Anaesth 2011; 21:406–410.296 Lovstad RZ, Halvorsen P, Raeder JC et al.Post-operative epidural analgesia with lowdose fentanyl, adrenal<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> bupivaca<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>children after major orthopaedic surgery. Aprospective evaluation of efficacy <strong>and</strong> sideeffects. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1997; 14: 583–589.297 Bai SJ, Koo BN, Kim JH et al. Comparisonof cont<strong>in</strong>uous epidural <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>travenousanalgesia for postoperative pa<strong>in</strong> control <strong>in</strong>pediatric lower extremity surgery. YonseiMed J 2004; 45: 789–795.298 Eberson CP, Pacicca DM, Ehrlich MG. Therole of ketorolac <strong>in</strong> decreas<strong>in</strong>g length of stay<strong>and</strong> narcotic complications <strong>in</strong> the postoperativepediatric orthopaedic patient. J PediatrOrthop 1999; 19: 688–692.299 Hiller A, Meretoja OA, Korpela R et al.The analgesic efficacy of acetam<strong>in</strong>ophen, ketoprofen,or their comb<strong>in</strong>ation for pediatricsurgical patients hav<strong>in</strong>g soft tissue or orthopedicprocedures. Anesth Analg 2006; 102:1365–1371.300 Castillo-Zamora C, Castillo-Peralta LA,Nava-Ocampo AA. Dose m<strong>in</strong>imizationstudy of s<strong>in</strong>gle-dose epidural morph<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>patients undergo<strong>in</strong>g hip surgery under regionalanesthesia with bupivaca<strong>in</strong>e. PaediatrAnaesth 2005; 15: 29–36.301 Rodrigues MR, Paes FC, Duarte LT et al.<strong>Postoperative</strong> analgesia for the surgical correctionof congenital clubfoot: comparisonbetween peripheral nerve block <strong>and</strong> caudalepidural block. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2009;59: 684–693.302 Omar AM, Mansour MA, Kamal AS. Psoascompartment block for acute postoperativepa<strong>in</strong> management after hip surgery <strong>in</strong> pediatrics:a comparative study with caudalanalgesia. Reg Anesth Pa<strong>in</strong> Med 2011; 36:121–124.303 Duflo F, Sautou-Mir<strong>and</strong>a V, Pouyau A etal. Efficacy <strong>and</strong> plasma levels of ropivaca<strong>in</strong>efor children: controlled regional analgesiafollow<strong>in</strong>g lower limb surgery. Br J Anaesth2006; 97: 250–254.304 Farid IS, He<strong>in</strong>er EJ, Fleissner PR. Comparisonof femoral nerve block <strong>and</strong> fascia iliacablock for analgesia follow<strong>in</strong>g reconstructiveknee surgery <strong>in</strong> adolescents. J Cl<strong>in</strong> Anesth2010; 22: 256–259.305 van Geffen GJ, Pirotte T, Gielen MJ et al.Ultrasound-guided proximal <strong>and</strong> distal sciaticnerve blocks <strong>in</strong> children. J Cl<strong>in</strong> Anesth2010; 22: 241–245.306 Antok E, Bordet F, Duflo F et al. Patientcontrolledepidural analgesia versus cont<strong>in</strong>uousepidural <strong>in</strong>fusion with ropivaca<strong>in</strong>e forpostoperative analgesia <strong>in</strong> children. AnesthAnalg 2003; 97: 1608–1611.307 Kay RM, Leathers M, Directo MP et al.Perioperative ketorolac use <strong>in</strong> childrenundergo<strong>in</strong>g lower extremity osteotomies. JPediatr Orthop 2011; 31: 783–786.308 Fisher W, B<strong>in</strong>gham R, Hall R. Axillary brachialplexus block for perioperative analgesia<strong>in</strong> 250 children. Paediatr Anaesth 1999;9: 435–438.309 Alt<strong>in</strong>tas F, Bozkurt P, Ipek N et al. Theefficacy of pre- versus postsurgical axillaryblock on postoperative pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> paediatricpatients. Paediatr Anaesth 2000; 10: 23–28.310 P<strong>and</strong>e R, P<strong>and</strong>e M, Bhadani U et al. Supraclavicularbrachial plexus block as a soleanaesthetic technique <strong>in</strong> children: an analysisof 200 cases. Anaesthesia 2000; 55: 798–802.311 Fleischmann E, Marhofer P, Greher M etal. Brachial plexus anaesthesia <strong>in</strong> children:lateral <strong>in</strong>fraclavicular vs axillary approach.Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13: 103–108.312 Thornton KL, Sacks MD, Hall R et al.Comparison of 0.2% ropivaca<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong>0.25% bupivaca<strong>in</strong>e for axillary brachialplexus blocks <strong>in</strong> paediatric h<strong>and</strong> surgery.Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13: 409–412.313 de Jose Maria B, Tielens LK. Vertical <strong>in</strong>fraclavicularbrachial plexus block <strong>in</strong> children:a prelim<strong>in</strong>ary study. Paediatr Anaesth2004; 14: 931–935.314 Ponde V, Athani B, Thruppal S. Infraclavicularcoracoid approach brachial plexusblock for radial club h<strong>and</strong> repair. PaediatrAnaesth 2007; 17: 863–866.315 Ponde VC. Cont<strong>in</strong>uous <strong>in</strong>fraclavicular brachialplexus block: a modified technique tobetter secure catheter position <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>fants <strong>and</strong>children. Anesth Analg 2008; 106: 94–96.316 Carre P, Joly A, Cluzel Field B et al. Axillaryblock <strong>in</strong> children: s<strong>in</strong>gle or multiple<strong>in</strong>jection? Paediatr Anaesth 2000; 10: 35–39.317 De W<strong>in</strong>dt AC, Asehnoune K, Roquilly A etal. An opioid-free anaesthetic us<strong>in</strong>g nerveblocks enhances rapid recovery after m<strong>in</strong>orh<strong>and</strong> surgery <strong>in</strong> children. Eur J Anaesthesiol2010; 27: 521–525.318 Milbr<strong>and</strong>t TA, S<strong>in</strong>ghal M, M<strong>in</strong>ter C et al.A comparison of three methods of pa<strong>in</strong> controlfor posterior sp<strong>in</strong>al fusions <strong>in</strong> adolescentidiopathic scoliosis. Sp<strong>in</strong>e (Phila Pa1976) 2009; 34: 1499–1503.319 Blumenthal S, Borgeat A, Nadig M et al.<strong>Postoperative</strong> analgesia after anterior correctionof thoracic scoliosis: a prospectiver<strong>and</strong>omized study compar<strong>in</strong>g cont<strong>in</strong>uousdouble epidural catheter technique with<strong>in</strong>travenous morph<strong>in</strong>e. Sp<strong>in</strong>e 2006; 31:1646–1651.320 Gauger VT, Voepel-Lewis TD, Burke CN etal. Epidural analgesia compared with <strong>in</strong>travenousanalgesia after pediatric posteriorsp<strong>in</strong>al fusion. J Pediatr Orthop 2009; 29:588–593.ª 2012 Blackwell Publish<strong>in</strong>g Ltd, Pediatric Anesthesia, 22 (Suppl. 1), 1–79 63
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1.6 Contact informationCorresponden
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RecommendationsChildren’s self-re
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Topical anesthetic preparations, fo
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2.7.6 Laparoscopic surgeryGood prac
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