Good Practice in Postoperative and Procedural Pain Management ...

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tinuous epidural infusion in children: a multicentertrial. Anesthesiology 2003; 99: 1166–1174.169 Chhibber A, Perkins F, Rabinowitz R et al.Penile block timing for postoperative analgesiaof hypospadias repair in children. JUrol 1997; 158: 1156–1159.170 Apiliogullari S, Duman A, Gok F et al.Spinal needle design and size affect the incidenceof postdural puncture headache inchildren. Paediatr Anaesth 2010; 20: 177–182.171 Ozyuvaci E, Altan A, Yucel M et al. Evaluationof adding preoperative or postoperativerectal paracetamol to caudalbupivacaine for postoperative analgesia inchildren. Paediatr Anaesth 2004; 14: 661–665.172 Findlow D, Aldridge L, Doyle E. Comparisonof caudal block using bupivacaine andketamine with ilioinguinal nerve block fororchidopexy in children. Anaesthesia 1997;52: 1110–1113.173 Somri M, Gaitini LA, Vaida SJ et al. Effectof ilioinguinal nerve block on the catecholamineplasma levels in orchidopexy: comparisonwith caudal epidural block. PaediatrAnaesth 2002; 12: 791–797.174 Verghese S, Hannallah R, Rice L et al. Caudalanesthesia in children: effect of volumeversus concentration of bupivacaine onblocking spermatic cord traction responseduring orchidopexy. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:1219–1223.175 Hong JY, Han SW, Kim WO et al. A comparisonof high volume/low concentrationand low volume/high concentration ropivacainein caudal analgesia for pediatricorchiopexy. Anesth Analg 2009; 109: 1073–1078.176 Semple D, Findlow D, Aldridge L et al. Theoptimal dose of ketamine for caudal epiduralblockade in children. Anaesthesia 1996;51: 1170–1172.177 Hong JY, Han SW, Kim WO et al. Effectof dexamethasone in combination with caudalanalgesia on postoperative pain controlin day-case paediatric orchiopexy. Br J Anaesth2010; 105: 506–510.178 Fitzgerald M, McGinley J. The use of transverseabdominal plane block for orchidopexy.Paediatr Anaesth 2009; 19: 810–811.179 Machotta A, Risse A, Bercker S et al. Comparisonbetween instillation of bupivacaineversus caudal analgesia for postoperativeanalgesia following inguinal herniotomy inchildren. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13: 397–402.180 Sakellaris G, Petrakis I, Makatounaki K etal. Effects of ropivacaine infiltration on cortisoland prolactin responses to postoperativepain after inguinal hernioraphy inchildren. J Pediatr Surg 2004; 39: 1400–1403.181 Kumar P, Rudra A, Pan A et al. Caudaladditives in pediatrics: a comparison amongmidazolam, ketamine, and neostigmine coadministeredwith bupivacaine. AnesthAnalg 2005; 101: 69–73.182 Sasaoka N, Kawaguchi M, Yoshitani K etal. Evaluation of genitofemoral nerve block,in addition to ilioinguinal and iliohypogastricnerve block, during inguinal herniarepair in children. Br J Anaesth 2005; 94:243–246.183 Naja ZM, Raf M, El-Rajab M et al. A comparisonof nerve stimulator guided paravertebralblock and ilio-inguinal nerve blockfor analgesia after inguinal herniorrhaphy inchildren. Anaesthesia 2006; 61: 1064–1068.184 Tug R, Ozcengiz D, Gunes Y. Single levelparavertebral versus caudal block in paediatricinguinal surgery. Anaesth IntensiveCare 2011; 39: 909–913.185 Koinig H, Krenn CG, Glaser C et al. Thedose–response of caudal ropivacaine in children.Anesthesiology 1999; 90: 1339–1344.186 Joshi W, Connelly N, Dwyer M et al. Acomparison of two concentrations of bupivacaineand adrenaline with and withoutfentanyl in paediatric inguinal herniorrhaphy.Paediatr Anaesth 1999; 9: 317–320.187 Schrock C, Jones M. The dose of caudalepidural analgesia and duration of postoperativeanalgesia. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:403–408.188 Klimscha W, Chiari A, Michalek-SaubererA et al. The efficacy and safety of a clonidine/bupivacainecombination in caudalblockade for pediatric hernia repair. AnesthAnalg 1998; 86: 54–61.189 Gaitini L, Somri M, Vaida S et al. Does theaddition of fentanyl to bupivacaine in caudalepidural block have an effect on theplasma level of catecholamines in children?Anesth Analg 2000; 90: 1029–1033.190 Ozcengiz D, Gunduz M, Ozbek H et al.Comparison of caudal morphine and tramadolfor postoperative pain control in childrenundergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy.Paediatr Anaesth 2001; 11: 459–464.191 Senel A, Akyol A, Dohman D et al. Caudalbupivacaine-tramadol combination for postoperativeanalgesia in pediatric herniorrhaphy.Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2001; 45: 786–789.192 Baris S, Karakaya D, Kelsaka E et al. Comparisonof fentanyl-bupivacaine or midazolam-bupivacainemixtures with plainbupivacaine for caudal anaesthesia in children.Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13: 126–131.193 Memis D, Turan A, Karamanlioglu B et al.Caudal neostigmine for postoperative analgesiain paediatric surgery. Paediatr Anaesth2003; 13: 324–328.194 Somri M, Tome R, Teszler CB et al. Doesadding intravenous fentanyl to caudal blockin children enhance the efficacy of multimodalanalgesia as reflected in the plasmalevel of catecholamines? Eur J Anaesthesiol2007; 24: 408–413.195 Yildiz TS, Ozdamar D, Bagus F et al. Levobupivacaine-tramadolcombination for caudalblock in children: a randomized, doubleblinded,prospective study. Paediatr Anaesth2010; 20: 524–529.196 Panjabi N, Prakash S, Gupta P et al. Efficacyof three doses of ketamine with bupivacainefor caudal analgesia in pediatricinguinal herniotomy. Reg Anesth Pain Med2004; 29: 28–31.197 Yildiz TS, Korkmaz F, Solak M et al. Clonidineaddition prolongs the duration ofcaudal analgesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand2006; 50: 501–504.198 Marhofer P, Krenn C, Plochl W et al.S(+)-ketamine for caudal block in paediatricanaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2000; 84: 341–345.199 Hager H, Marhofer P, Sitzwohl C et al.Caudal clonidine prolongs analgesia fromcaudal S(+)-ketamine in children. AnesthAnalg 2002; 94: 1169–1172,table of contents.200 Koinig H, Marhofer P, Krenn CG et al.Analgesic effects of caudal and intramuscularS(+)-ketamine in children. Anesthesiology2000; 93: 976–980.201 Kundra P, Deepalakshmi K, RavishankarM. Preemptive caudal bupivacaine and morphinefor postoperative analgesia in children.Anesth Analg 1998; 87: 52–56.202 Naja ZM, Raf M, El Rajab M et al. Nervestimulator-guided paravertebral blockadecombined with sevoflurane sedation versusgeneral anesthesia with systemic analgesiafor postherniorrhaphy pain relief in children:a prospective randomized trial. Anesthesiology2005; 103: 600–605.203 Lim SL, Ng Sb A, Tan GM. Ilioinguinaland iliohypogastric nerve block revisited:single shot versus double shot technique forhernia repair in children. Paediatr Anaesth2002; 12: 255–260.204 Tsuchiya N, Ichizawa M, Yoshikawa Y etal. Comparison of ropivacaine with bupivacaineand lidocaine for ilioinguinal blockafter ambulatory inguinal hernia repair inchildren. Paediatr Anaesth 2004; 14: 468–470.205 Disma N, Tuo P, Pellegrino S et al. Threeconcentrations of levobupivacaine for ilioinguinal/iliohypogastricnerve block in ambulatorypediatric surgery. J Clin Anesth 2009;21: 389–393.206 Weintraud M, Lundblad M, Kettner SC etal. Ultrasound versus landmark-based techniquefor ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerveblockade in children: the implications on60 ª 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Pediatric Anesthesia, 22 (Suppl. 1), 1–79
plasma levels of ropivacaine. Anesth Analg2009; 108: 1488–1492.207 Willschke H, Bosenberg A, Marhofer P etal. Ultrasonographic-guided ilioinguinal/iliohypogastricnerve block in pediatric anesthesia:what is the optimal volume? AnesthAnalg 2006; 102: 1680–1684.208 Weintraud M, Marhofer P, Bosenberg A etal. Ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric blocks in children:where do we administer the local anestheticwithout direct visualization? AnesthAnalg 2008; 106: 89–93,table of contents.209 Dahl V, Raeder JC, Erno PE et al. Pre-emptiveeffect of pre-incisional versus post-incisionalinfiltration of local anaesthesia onchildren undergoing hernioplasty. Acta AnaesthesiolScand 1996; 40: 847–851.210 Cnar SO, Kum U, Cevizci N et al. Effectsof levobupivacaine infiltration on postoperativeanalgesia and stress response in childrenfollowing inguinal hernia repair. Eur J Anaesthesiol2009; 26: 430–434.211 Demiraran Y, Ilce Z, Kocaman B et al.Does tramadol wound infiltration offer anadvantage over bupivacaine for postoperativeanalgesia in children following herniotomy?Paediatr Anaesth 2006; 16: 1047–1050.212 Hong JY, Won Han S, Kim WO et al. Fentanylsparing effects of combined ketorolacand acetaminophen for outpatient inguinalhernia repair in children. J Urol 2010; 183:1551–1555.213 Riad W, Moussa A. Pre-operative analgesiawith rectal diclofenac and/or paracetamol inchildren undergoing inguinal hernia repair.Anaesthesia 2007; 62: 1241–1245.214 Gurnaney HG, Maxwell LG, Kraemer FWet al. Prospective randomized observerblindedstudy comparing the analgesic efficacyof ultrasound-guided rectus sheathblock and local anaesthetic infiltration forumbilical hernia repair. Br J Anaesth 2011;107: 790–795.215 Clarke FK, Cassey JG. Paraumbilical blockfor umbilical herniorraphy. ANZ J Surg2007; 77: 659–661.216 de Jose Maria B, Gotzens V, Mabrok M.Ultrasound-guided umbilical nerve block inchildren: a brief description of a newapproach. Paediatr Anaesth 2007; 17: 44–50.217 Isaac LA, McEwen J, Hayes JA et al. Apilot study of the rectus sheath block forpain control after umbilical hernia repair.Paediatr Anaesth 2006; 16: 406–409.218 Willschke H, Bosenberg A, Marhofer P etal. Ultrasonography-guided rectus sheathblock in paediatric anaesthesia – a newapproach to an old technique. Br J Anaesth2006; 97: 244–249.219 Bray R, Woodhams AM, Vallis CJ et al.. Adouble-blind comparison of morphine infusionand patient controlled analgesia in children.Paediatr Anaesth 1996; 6: 121–127.220 Peters J, Bandell Hoekstra I, Huijer Abu-Saad H et al. Patient controlled analgesia inchildren and adolescents: a randomized controlledtrial. Paediatr Anaesth 1999; 9: 235–241.221 Monitto C, Greenberg R, Kost-Byerly S etal. The safety and efficacy of parent-/nursecontrolledanalgesia in patients less than sixyears of age. Anesth Analg 2000; 91: 573–579.222 van Dijk M, Bouwmeester N, DuivenvoordenH et al. Efficacy of continuous versusintermittent morphine administration aftermajor surgery in 0–3-year-old infants; adouble-blind randomized controlled trial.Pain 2002; 98: 305–313.223 Howard RF, Lloyd-Thomas A, Thomas Met al. Nurse-controlled analgesia (NCA) followingmajor surgery in 10,000 patients in achildren’s hospital. Paediatr Anaesth 2010;20: 126–134.224 Kart T, Walther-Larsen S, Svejborg T et al.Comparison of continuous epidural infusionof fentanyl and bupivacaine with intermittentepidural administration of morphinefor postoperative pain management in children.Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997; 41:461–465.225 Bosenberg A. Epidural analgesia for majorneonatal surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 1998; 8:479–483.226 Moriarty A. Postoperative extradural infusionsin children: preliminary data from acomparison of bupivacaine/diamorphinewith plain ropivacaine. Paediatr Anaesth1999; 9: 423–427.227 Bosenberg AT, Cronje L, Thomas J et al.Ropivacaine plasma levels and postoperativeanalgesia in neonates and infants during 48–72 h continuous epidural infusion followingmajor surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:851–852.228 Cucchiaro G, Dagher C, Baujard C et al.Side-effects of postoperative epidural analgesiain children: a randomized study comparingmorphine and clonidine. PaediatrAnaesth 2003; 13: 318–323.229 Szabova A, Sadhasivam S, Wang Y et al.Comparison of postoperative analgesia withepidural butorphanol/bupivacaine versusfentanyl/bupivacaine following pediatricurological procedures. J Opioid Manag2010; 6: 401–407.230 Ivani G, Lampugnani E, De Negri P et al.Ropivacaine vs bupivacaine in major surgeryin infants. Can J Anaesth 1999; 46:467–469.231 Bosenberg AT, Thomas J, Cronje L et al.Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of ropivacainefor continuous epidural infusion inneonates and infants. Paediatr Anaesth2005; 15: 739–749.232 Inanoglu K, Ozcengiz D, Gunes Y et al.Epidural ropivacaine versus ropivacaine plustramadol in postoperative analgesia in childrenundergoing major abdominal surgery:a comparison. J Anesth 2010; 24: 700–704.233 Klamt J, Garcia L, Stocche R et al. Epiduralinfusion of clonidine or clonidine plusropivacaine for postoperative analgesia inchildren undergoing major abdominal surgery.J Clin Anesth 2003; 15: 510–514.234 Vetter TR, Carvallo D, Johnson JL et al. Acomparison of single-dose caudal clonidine,morphine, or hydromorphone combinedwith ropivacaine in pediatric patients undergoingureteral reimplantation. Anesth Analg2007; 104: 1356–1363.235 El-Hennawy AM, Abd-Elwahab AM, Abd-Elmaksoud AM et al. Addition of clonidineor dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine prolongscaudal analgesia in children. Br JAnaesth 2009; 103: 268–274.236 Bozkurt P, Kaya G, Yeker Y. Single-injectionlumbar epidural morphine for postoperativeanalgesia in children: a report of 175cases. Reg Anesth 1997; 22: 212–217.237 Kiffer F, Joly A, Wodey E et al. The effectof preoperative epidural morphine on postoperativeanalgesia in children. AnesthAnalg 2001; 93: 598–600.238 Chabas E, Gomar C, Villalonga A et al.Postoperative respiratory function in childrenafter abdominal surgery. A comparisonof epidural and intramuscular morphineanalgesia. Anaesthesia 1998; 53: 393–397.239 Berta E, Spanhel J, Smakal O et al. Singleinjection paravertebral block for renal surgeryin children. Paediatr Anaesth 2008; 18:593–597.240 Splinter WM, Thomson ME. Somatic paravertebralblock decreases opioid requirementsin children undergoingappendectomy. Can J Anaesth 2010; 57:206–210.241 Fredrickson MJ, Seal P. Ultrasound-guidedtransversus abdominis plane block for neonatalabdominal surgery. Anaesth IntensiveCare 2009; 37: 469–472.242 Niraj G, Searle A, Mathews M et al. Analgesicefficacy of ultrasound-guided transversusabdominis plane block in patientsundergoing open appendicectomy. Br J Anaesth2009; 103: 601–605.243 Carney J, Finnerty O, Rauf J et al. Ipsilateraltransversus abdominis plane block provideseffective analgesia after appendectomyin children: a randomized controlled trial.Anesth Analg 2010; 111: 998–1003.244 Charlton S, Cyna AM, Middleton P et al.Perioperative transversus abdominis plane(TAP) blocks for analgesia after abdominalsurgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;Dec 8;(12): CD007705.ª 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Pediatric Anesthesia, 22 (Suppl. 1), 1–79 61
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PediatricAnesthesiaVolume 22 Supple
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doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.3838.
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1.6 Contact informationCorresponden
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RecommendationsChildren’s self-re
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Topical anesthetic preparations, fo
Page 11 and 12: 2.7.6 Laparoscopic surgeryGood prac
Page 13 and 14: In order to assess pain, effective
Page 16 and 17: Postoperative painl NCCPC-PV (Non-C
Page 18 and 19: 68 Broome ME, Richtsmeier A, Maikle
Page 20 and 21: however, reductions in the response
Page 22 and 23: increased success rate (i.e., less
Page 24 and 25: Newer preparations such as liposoma
Page 26 and 27: Good practice pointLubricant contai
Page 28 and 29: most effective. There are a number
Page 30 and 31: 12 Bellieni C, Bagnoli F, Perrone S
Page 32 and 33: venipuncture pain in a pediatric em
Page 34 and 35: 172 van Twillert B, Bremer M, Faber
Page 36 and 37: necessary to ensure that the patien
Page 38 and 39: when compared with LA alone and sal
Page 40 and 41: Peribulbar block improves early ana
Page 42 and 43: Analgesia Table 5.5.1 Sub-umbilical
Page 44 and 45: was more effective with less motor
Page 46 and 47: with using landmark techniques (205
Page 48 and 49: Good practice pointWound infiltrati
Page 50 and 51: Analgesia Table 5.6.4 Urological Su
Page 52 and 53: (298). Ketorolac did not influence
Page 54 and 55: well as the epidural technique for
Page 56 and 57: Good practice pointA multi-modal an
Page 58 and 59: 14 Grainger J, Saravanappa N. Local
Page 60 and 61: day-stay unit. Int J Paediatr Dent
Page 64 and 65: 245 Morton NS, O’Brien K. Analges
Page 66 and 67: 321 Taenzer AH, Clark C, Taenzer AH
Page 68 and 69: Section 6.0AnalgesiaContents6.1 Ana
Page 70 and 71: enhance systemic absorption. Lidoca
Page 73 and 74: undergoes hepatic biotransformation
Page 75 and 76: tein binding are reduced and the ha
Page 77 and 78: a low-dose infusion but the child m
Page 79 and 80: Table 6.6.1 Paracetamol dosing guid
Page 81: steps that health care professional
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