Research Study on Factors Facilitating Participation of Women in ...

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Factors Facilitating Participation of Women in Mahatma Gandhi NREGS 129* To study the influence of social capital and gender sensitivity offunctionaries in MGNREGS on participation of women wage seekers.Survey instruments include structured schedules for MGNREGSwomen workers, Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) and interviews withofficials and elected representatives. Information was collected on thesocio-economic profiles, institutional affiliation, participation in womendevelopment programmes and also their participation with regard toMGNREGA like selection of works, monitoring, social audit etc. and benefitsderived out of participation with a view to ascertaining the qualitativechanges that have taken place in women’s life. Village information wascollected to assess the socio-economic conditions of the village in whichstudy has been carried out. The focused group discussions laid emphasison the changes visualised / experienced in the quality of life. To capturethe reasons for differences across the States, data and also score of differentindicators were presented sample district-wise.The study was conducted in four districts of four States namely,Mahaboobnagar of Andhra Pradesh, Thrissur district of Kerala, Gaya districtof Bihar and South 24 Paraganas of West Bengal.Socio-economic and Demographic Profiles of the RespondentsMost of the women worker respondents are in age group of 36-45years followed by 26-35 years. The former consisted of 35.0 per cent andthe latter 30.8 per cent of the workers. In other words, 65.8 per cent of theMGNREGS workers are in the active age group of 26-45 years. Scheduledcastes account for more than one half (52.9 per cent) of the total workersand the other three major caste groups OBC (17.9 per cent), Minorities(13.4 per cent) and OC (10.3 per cent) constituted nearly 40 per cent of thesample. Majority of the respondents, i.e., 56.3 per cent are non-literatesand 26.8 per cent completed their primary education. Only 7.4 per cent ofthe workers completed secondary education. The high proportion of workerswith non-literacy is found in Gaya district of Bihar (93.8 per cent).Respondents in the category of high school and above are found only inThrissur of Kerala (36 per cent). Majority of the sample workers were marriedRS 97
130 Factors Facilitating Participation of Women in Mahatma Gandhi NREGSwomen (88.2 per cent). The proportion of unmarried girls is only 2.1 percent. The proportion of single women (widows, divorcee and the deserted)is 9.8 per cent. It can be observed that 88.7 per cent of the workers arelabourers and 6.6 per cent are cultivators. The proportion of artisans, businesspeople and respondents in service sector are negligible. Results show thateven cultivators need this programme as an important source of livelihood.The average size of the sample households ranged from 4.1 (Thrissur ofKerala) to 7.4 (Gaya of Bihar) and the overall average is 5.2. As against theaverage family size of 5.2, there are 2.6 earning members and 2.6dependents. In other words, each earner has to support one dependent.It is observed that 54.5 per cent of the respondents are landless andanother 27.6 per cent of the respondents owned less than one acre of land(sub-marginal farmers). Marginal farmers account for 13.9 per cent. Theproportion of landless is the highest at about 83 per cent in Gaya and South24 Paraganas. It is found that 11.3 per cent respondents have individual orjoint ownership of the land.Annual income of the sample households is computed showingMGNREGS income separately to ascertain the contribution of the programmeto the total household income. Average income per household, which isfound to be ` 22,052 without MGNREGS, has risen to 27,000 after theirparticipation, indicating an increase of 18.4 per cent. With regard to averageincome from MGNREGS alone, it ranged from ` 1310 (South 24 Paraganas)to ` 10,057 (Mahaboobnagar).Average annual income of the respondents (women) alone in thehousehold is also computed taking the income from MGNREGS and incomefrom other sources. It is observed that the average income from the sourcesother than MGNREGS is ` 3096 ranging from ` 1428 (Thrissur) to ` 4490(South 24 Paraganas). But when average income earned by the respondentsfrom MGNREGS is taken into account, earnings of the sample respondentsof Thrissur is high (` 6334) and the corresponding values in Gaya and South24 Paraganas are the lowest with ` 1108 and ` 1147, respectively.RS 97
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