Research Study on Factors Facilitating Participation of Women in ...

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Factors Facilitating Participation of Women in Mahatma Gandhi NREGS 131The data on socio- economic profile of the sample workers arereduced to the SES score calculated with the help of seven factors (caste,age, education, occupation, size of landholding, annual income and economicdependency). The SES scores ranged from 39 (Gaya district of Bihar) to 58.3(Thrissur district of Kerala) percentage points indicating that variedperformance can be expected across the regions – in terms of awarenessand participation under MGNREGS.SHGs and Their RoleAn effort was made to analyse the periodicity of membership andit was found that majority (24.0 per cent) have joined the SHGs from 1 to3 years and another 21.1 per cent from 4 to 5 years. It is heartening toknow that 15.5 per cent respondents are members in SHGs from 6-10 yearsand another four per cent respondents are from 10-15 years. It was foundthat majority (36.3 per cent) of SHGs belonged to grade I and another 33.2per cent belonged to grade II. About 30.5 per cent respondents did notknow what is grading and whether their groups are graded or not. . It wasobserved that 57.9 per cent respondents are members of SHG federation.It is because of the State-specific women empowerment programmes ofIndira Kranthi Patham in Andhra Pradesh and JEEViKA in Bihar andKudumbasree in Kerala, that SHGs are doing well in the study area andmany of the respondents are members not only in SHGs but also infederations.It was observed that 42.1 per cent respondents could not take loaneven for one time from different sources. About one-third of the respondentscould take loan for 1 to 2 times and another 16.6 per cent could avail of3 to 4 times the loan facility.The social capital of the respondents is assessed based on aspectsrelating to their participation, collective action and mutually supportiverelations. It is observed that the social capital is the lowest in the South 24Paraganas district of West Bengal with 25.7 percentage points while it ishighest in Mahaboobnagar district with 68.9 percentage points.RS 97
132 Factors Facilitating Participation of Women in Mahatma Gandhi NREGSThe contribution of SHGs to the awareness about NREGS and role ofSHGs in the participation of SHG women in MGNREGS related activities isdelineated by adopting control experimental design. From the data, it isevident that overall 47.6 per cent participated in the awareness meetingsand another 32.6 per cent in the selection of works and other 25 per centin social audit. Only 13.7 per cent participated in grievance redressal process.But there are significant variations across the sample districts. An attemptwas also made to assess the overall participation score of SHG membersin MGNREGS. It was observed that the overall participation score is 29.7per cent ranging from 45 per cent in Mahaboobnagar district of AndhraPradesh to 8.3 per cent of South 24 Paraganas district of West Bengal.Decision-making at Household LevelTo analyse the quality of participation of the respondents inMGNREGS, it is also required to take into consideration the status in decisionmaking at household level. An index of women participation in decisionmaking at household level is constructed taking fourteen indicators such asmatters pertaining to food, clothing, expenditure on self, purchase of assets,children’s education, health and marriages, attending social gatherings,visiting relatives, agricultural activities, participation in labour, villagedevelopment organisations/PRI, rural development programmes etc.Regarding food and clothing, women had a good say across all the sampledistricts. In the areas pertaining to children like their education, health,marriages etc, it was the respondent along with husband who took decisions.Attending social gatherings, visiting relatives and expenditure on self areagain such areas, where decision is taken either by self or jointly alongwith husband/household members. Regarding agricultural activities andparticipation in labour market, it is largely a joint decision. When it comesto the purchase of assets, though women are also part of decision making,in significant percentage of sample households decisions are taken by eitherhusband or other family members.Gender Sensitivity of Delivery MechanismsThough gender-sensitive mechanisms are in-built in the programme,yet improved participation of women in MGNREGS is a big challenge. GenderRS 97
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