A Practical Approach, Second Edition=Ronald D. Ho.pdf

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426 DEVELOPMENTAL REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY: A PRACTICAL APPROACH, SECOND EDITIONE. Male Reproductive Organ Weight.............................................................................446F. Histopathological Evaluation of the Male Reproductive Organs .............................4461. Testis ....................................................................................................................4472. Epididymides, Accessory Sex Glands and Pituitary...........................................448G. Sperm Evaluations .....................................................................................................4491. Sperm Number or Sperm Concentration.............................................................4492. Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis....................................................................4503. Cauda Epididymal Sperm Motility .....................................................................4544. Sperm Morphology..............................................................................................456H. Seminiferous Epithelium Staging..............................................................................4571. Spermatogenesis ..................................................................................................4572. The Staging of Spermatogenesis.........................................................................458IV. Female Reproductive Toxicology ......................................................................................458A. Biology.......................................................................................................................458B. Observations ..............................................................................................................459C. Female Body Weight .................................................................................................459D. Female Necropsy .......................................................................................................4591. Gestation Day 13 Uterine Examination (Segment I Studies).............................4592. Gestation Day 20 or 21 Term Cesarean Section (Segment II Studies)..............4593. End of Lactation (Segment III Studies) ..............................................................460E. Female Reproductive Organ Weight .........................................................................4601. Ovary....................................................................................................................4602. Uterus, Oviducts, Vagina, and Pituitary Gland...................................................460F. Histopathological Evaluation of the Female Reproductive Organs..........................4611. Ovaries .................................................................................................................4612. Uterus...................................................................................................................4613. Oviducts ...............................................................................................................4614. Vagina and External Genitalia.............................................................................4615. Pituitary................................................................................................................4626. Mammary Gland and Lactation ..........................................................................4627. Reproductive Senescence ....................................................................................4638. Developmental and Pubertal Alterations.............................................................463G. Vaginal Cytology .......................................................................................................4631. Description...........................................................................................................4632. Vaginal Lavage Methodology..............................................................................4643. Estrous Cycle Staging .........................................................................................4654. Estrous Cycle Evaluation ....................................................................................465H. Corpora Lutea Counts ...............................................................................................466I. Uterine Evaluation .....................................................................................................4671. Assessment of Resorptions..................................................................................4672. Assessment of Implantation in “Apparently Nonpregnant” Dams.....................467J. Oocyte Quantitation...................................................................................................467V. Parturition and Litter Evaluations......................................................................................468A. Parturition ..................................................................................................................468B. Milk Collection..........................................................................................................469C. Litter Evaluations.......................................................................................................4691. Litter Observations ..............................................................................................4692. Gender Determination .........................................................................................4703. Viability................................................................................................................4704. External Alterations .............................................................................................4705. Missing Pups........................................................................................................470© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
TESTING FOR REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY 427VI.6. Pups Found Dead.................................................................................................4707. Dam Dies before Scheduled Sacrifice.................................................................4708. All Pups in a Litter Die.......................................................................................4719. Gender Determination Errors ..............................................................................471Pup Evaluations..................................................................................................................471A. Pup Body Weights .....................................................................................................4711. Pup Birth Weight .................................................................................................4712. Postnatal Pup Body Weights ...............................................................................4713. Crown-Rump Length ...........................................................................................4714. Anogenital Distance ............................................................................................472B. Developmental Landmarks........................................................................................4721. Balanopreputial Separation..................................................................................4722. Vaginal Patency ...................................................................................................4733. Day of First Estrus ..............................................................................................4734. Pinna Unfolding...................................................................................................4735. Hair Growth .........................................................................................................4736. Incisor Eruption ...................................................................................................4747. Eye Opening ........................................................................................................4748. Nipple Retention..................................................................................................4749. Testes Descent .....................................................................................................474C. Behavioral or Reflex Testing.....................................................................................4741. Surface-Righting Reflex ......................................................................................4742. Cliff Avoidance ....................................................................................................4743. Forelimb Placing..................................................................................................4754. Negative Geotaxis Test ........................................................................................4755. Pinna Reflex.........................................................................................................4756. Auditory Startle Reflex........................................................................................4757. Hind Limb Placing ..............................................................................................4758. Air Righting Reflex .............................................................................................4759. Forelimb Grip Test (Categorical) ........................................................................47610. Pupil Constriction Reflex ....................................................................................476D. Examination of Rodents for Hypospadias ................................................................4761. In-life Procedure for Male Rodents ....................................................................4762. Postmortem Procedure for Male Rodents...........................................................4773. Postmortem Procedure for Female Rodents .......................................................477VII. Functional Observation Battery .........................................................................................477A. Adult FOB .................................................................................................................4771. In-Cage Observations ..........................................................................................4772. Removing from Cage Observations ....................................................................4783. Standard Open Field Arena Observations...........................................................4784. Manipulations in the Standard Open Field Arena ..............................................4785. Grip Strength Manipulations ...............................................................................4786. Foot Splay............................................................................................................4787. Pupillary Response ..............................................................................................4798. Body Temperature................................................................................................479B. FOB in Preweanling Rats..........................................................................................4791. In Cage Observations ..........................................................................................4792. Removing from Cage Observations ....................................................................4793. Standard Open Field Arena Observations...........................................................4794. Manipulations in the Standard Open Field Arena ..............................................480References ......................................................................................................................................480© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Second EditionDEVELOPMENTALandREPRO
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Published in 2006 byCRC PressTaylor
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Chapter 12Chapter 13Chapter 14Chapt
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The EditorRonald D. Hood, Ph.D., is
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Alan M. HobermanArgus ResearchHorsh
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APPENDIX ATerminology of Anatomical
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TERMINOLOGY OF ANATOMICAL DEFECTS 9
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Organ/StructureCodeNumberObservatio
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Organ/Structure10145 Ocular colobom
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Organ/StructurePulmonaryarteryPulmo
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Terminology of developmental abnorm
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Organ/StructureCervicalcentrumCodeN
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Organ/Structure10689 Misshapen thor
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Organ/StructureSacralcentrumSacralv
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968 DEVELOPMENTAL REPRODUCTIVE TOXI
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1000 DEVELOPMENTAL REPRODUCTIVE TOX
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Table 1Human Non-human Primate Rat
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Table 1 (continued)Sertoli CellsHum
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Table 2 (continued) Landmarks in th
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Table 2 (continued) Landmarks in th
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POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES
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PART IPrinciples and Mechanisms© 2
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4 DEVELOPMENTAL REPRODUCTIVE TOXICO
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10 DEVELOPMENTAL REPRODUCTIVE TOXIC
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Table 2.6Receptor(Official Name a )
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Clearly, more research needs to be
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CHAPTER 6Comparative Features of Ve
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COMPARATIVE FEATURES OF VERTEBRATE
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Table 6.2Comparative reproductive a
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Maturation andRelease ofGametesSper
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Amniotic cavity 9.5 1.5 1-4 1-4,6,9
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Posteriorcardinal veinsestablishedT
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PosteriorcardinaldegenerationRight
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StomachappearsThirdpharyngealpouch;
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Table 6.6DescriptionComparative ges
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ParathyroidParathyroids 12.5 6.2 41
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Table 6.8DescriptionComparative ges
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Formation ofchoroid plexusof latera
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Optic nervefibers presentDifferenti
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Table 6.10DescriptionMuscular Syste
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Distalphalanges offingersseparatedF
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Table 6.11DescriptionIntermediateme
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Table 6.12DescriptionComparative ge
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CHAPTER 7Developmental Toxicity Tes
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DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY TESTING —
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Female 0.00-0.69 0.004-0.39 0.00-0.
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Figure 8.11775Pott DescribesScrotal
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The underlying physiology of juveni
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Table 8.5Total body composition by
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Table 8.6Serum chemistry values for
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Table 8.7Parameter bHematology valu
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CHAPTER 9Significance, Reliability,
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DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXI
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Prior to the early 1980s, numerous
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Figure 9.51906Food andDrugs Act2000
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Table 9.18Selected comparison point
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We would like to acknowledge the ef
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CHAPTER 12Role of Xenobiotic Metabo
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ROLE OF XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM IN DE
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y ESR spectrometry. 122 Further ESR
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CHAPTER 13Use of Toxicokinetics in
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USE OF TOXICOKINETICS IN DEVELOPMEN
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CHAPTER 17Statistical Analysis for
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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR DEVELOPMEN
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CHAPTER 19Perspectives on the Devel
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PERSPECTIVES ON THE DEVELOPMENTAL A
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Guideline OECD 415 (One Generation)
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The Office of Prevention, Pesticide
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CHAPTER 20Human Studies — Epidemi
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HUMAN STUDIES 801I. INTRODUCTIONEpi
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HUMAN STUDIES 803is actively trying
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HUMAN STUDIES 805100908070Induced a
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HUMAN STUDIES 8071009590>37 w33-36
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HUMAN STUDIES 829B. The Formation o
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HUMAN STUDIES 837with spina bifida
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CHAPTER 21Developmental and Reprodu
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