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566 DEVELOPMENTAL REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY: A PRACTICAL APPROACH, SECOND EDITION146. Schuetz, J.D., Beach, D.L., and Guzelian, P.S., Selective expression of cytochrome P4450 CYP3AmRNA in embryonic and adult human liver, Pharmacogenetics, 4, 11, 1994.147. Wrighton, S.A. and VandenBranden, M., Isolation and characterization of human fetal cytochromeP450 P450HLp2: a third member of the P450III gene family, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 268, 144, 1989.148. Komari, M., et al., Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA containing the genetic encodingregion for human fetal liver cytochrome P450, J. Biochem., 105, 161,1989.149. Bell, J.U., Hansell, M.M., and Ecobichon, D.J., The influence of DDT on the ontogenesis of drugmetabolizing enzymes in the perinatal rats, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 35, 165, 1976.150. Sherratt, A.J., Banet, D.E., and Prough, R.A., Glucocorticoid regulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarboninduction of cytochrome P450IAi, glutathione S-transferase, and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductasein cultured fetal rat hepatocytes, Mol. Pharmacol., 37, 198, 1990.151. Srivastava, S., Seth, P.K., and Srivastava, S.P., Altered activity of hepatic mixed function oxidase,cytochrome P450, and glutathione S-transferase by styrene in rat fetal liver, Drug Chem. Toxicol., 15,233, 1992.152. Nau, H., et al., Preparation, morphology and drug metabolism of isolated hepatocytes and liver organcultures from human fetus, Life Sci., 23, 2361, 1978.153. Rane, A., N-oxidation of a tertiary amine (N,N-dimethylaniline) by human fetal liver microsomes,Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 15, 32, 1973.154. Saeed, S.A. and Mitchell, M.D., Arachidonate lipoxygenase activity in human fetal lung, Eur. J.Pharmacol., 78, 389, 1982.155. Saeed, S.A. and Mitchell, M.D., Formation of arachidonate lipoxygenase metabolites by human fetalmembranes, uterine decidua vera, and placenta, Prost. Leukotrienes Med., 8, 635, 1882.156. Saeed, S.A. and Mitchell, M.D., Conversion of arachidonic acid to lipoxygenase products by humanfetal tissues, Biochem. Med., 30, 322, 1983.157. Morykawa, M.J., et al. Arachidonic acid metabolites: effect on inflammation of fetal rabbit excisionalwounds, Inflammation, 16, 251, 1992.158. Dimitrijevic, L., et al., Purification and characterization of an estrogen-binding peroxidase from humanfetus, Biochimie, 61, 535, 1979.159. Peng, D., Pacifici, G.M., and Rane, A., Human fetal liver cultures: basal activities and inducibility ofepoxide hydrolases and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, Biochem. Pharmacol., 33, 71, 1984.160. Stevens, L.A., A comparative study of enzymes in foetal, young and adult rat, Comp. Biochem.Physiol., 6, 129, 1962.161. Pacifici, G.M., Norlin, A., and Rane, A., Glutathione S-transferases in human fetal liver, Biochem.Pharmacol., 30, 3367, 1981.162. Guthenberg, C., et al., Two distinct forms of glutathione S-transferase from human fetal liver, Biochem.J., 235, 741, 1986.163. Kashiwada, M., et al., Purification and characterization of acidic form of glutathione S-transferase inhuman fetal livers: high similarity to placental form, J. Biochem., 110, 743, 1991.164. Mitra, A.K., et al., A novel model to assess developmental toxicity of dihaloalkanes in human:embryotoxic bioactivation of 1,2-dibromoethane by isozymes of human fetal liver glutathione S-transferase, Teratogen. Carcinog. Mutagen., 12, 113, 1992.165. Radulovic, L.L., Dauterman, W.C., and Kulkarni, A.P., Biotransformation of methyl parathion byhuman fetal liver glutathione S-transferases: an in vitro study, Xenobiotica, 17, 105, 1987.166. Kulkarni, A.P., Edwards, J., and Richards, I., Metabolism of 1,2-dibromoethane in the human fetalliver, Gen. Pharmacol., 23, 1, 1992.167. Dutton, G.J., Glucuronide synthesis in foetal liver and other tissues, Biochem. J., 71, 141, 1959.168. Burchell, B., UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity towards eostriol in fresh and cultured foetal tissuesfrom man and other species, J. Steroid Biochem., 5, 261, 1974.169. Pacifici, G.M., et al., Development of glucuronyltransferase and sulfotransferase toward 2-naphtholin human fetus, Dev. Pharmacol. Ther., 14, 108, 1990.170. Kawade, N. and Onishi, S., The prenatal and postnatal development of UDP-glucuronyltransferaseactivity towards bilirubin and the effect of premature birth on this activity in human liver, Biochem.J., 196, 257, 1981.171. Tan, T.M.C., Sit, K.H., and Wong, K.P., UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity toward harmol in humanliver and human fetal liver cells in culture, Anal. Biochem., 185, 44, 1990.© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ROLE OF XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM IN DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY 567172. Cappiello, M., et al., Sulfotransferase and its substrate: adenosine-3′-phosphate-5′-phosphosulfate inhuman fetal liver and placenta, Dev. Pharmacol. Ther., 14, 62, 1990.173. Elliott, W.J., et al., Arachidonic acid metabolism by rabbit fetal membranes of various gestationalages, Prostaglandins, 27, 27, 1984.174. Kinoshita, K. and Green, K., Bioconversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and related compoundsin human amnion, Biochem. Med., 23, 185, 1980.175. Olson, D.M., Skinner, K, and Challis, J.R.G., Estradiol-17 and 2-hydroxyestradiol-17-induced differentialproduction of prostaglandins by cells dispersed from human intrauterine tissues at parturition,Prostaglandins, 25, 639, 1983.176. Cheung, P.Y.C. and Challis, J.R.G., Prostaglandin E 2 metabolism in the human fetal membranes, Am.J. Obstet. Gynecol., 161, 1580, 1989.177. Price, T.M., et al., Immunohistochemical localization of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase inhuman fetal membranes and decidua, Biol. Reprod. 41, 701, 1989.178. Pasetto, N., et al., Influence of labor and oxytocin on in vitro leukotriene release by human fetalmembranes and uterine decidua at term gestation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 166, 1500, 1992.179. Meigs, R.A., The constitutive 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity of human placentalmicrosomes: relationship to aromatase, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 145, 1012, 1987.180. Wong, T.K., et al., Correlation of placental microsomal activities with protein detected by antibodiesto rabbit cytochrome P450 isozyme 6 in preparations from humans exposed to polychlorinatedbiphenyls, quaterphenyls, and dibenzofurans, Cancer Res., 46, 999, 1986.181. Lucier, G.W., et al., Placental markers of human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinateddibenzofurans, Environ. Hlth. Persp., 76, 79, 1987.182. Mortimer, G., Mackay, M.M., and Stimson, W.H., The distribution of pregnancy associated prostaglandinsynthase inhibitor in the human placenta, J. Pathol., 159, 239, 1989.183. Flammang, T.J., et al., Arachidonic acid dependent peroxidative activation of carcinogenic arylaminesby extrahepatic human tissue microsomes, Cancer Res., 49, 1977, 1989.184. Matkovics, B., Fodor, I., and Kovacs, K., Properties of enzymes III. A comparative study of peroxidedecomposingenzymes and superoxide dismutase of human placenta of different ages, Enzyme, 19,285, 1975.185. Joseph, P., et al., Peroxidase: a novel pathway for chemical oxidation in human term placenta, Placenta,13, 545, 1992.186. Joseph, P., Srinivasan, S., and Kulkarni, A.P., Placental peroxidase — further purification of the enzymeand oxidation of thiobenzamide, Placenta, 14, 309, 1993.187. Murthy, K.R., Joseph, P., and Kulkarni, A.P., 2-Aminofluorene bioactivation by human term placentalperoxidase, Terat. Carcinog. Mut., 15, 115, 1995.188. Kulkarni, A.P., Joseph, P., and Byczkowski, J.Z., Effects of phenylbutazone and amino acids onbenzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol co-oxygenation by partially purified placental peroxidase, Toxicologist,12, 197, 1992.189. Madhavan, N.D. and Naidu, K.A., Purification and partial characterization of peroxidase from humanplacenta of non-smokers: metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol, Placenta, 21, 501, 2000.190. Pumeau-Rouquette, C., Goujard, J., and Hual, G., Possible teratogenic effect of phenothiazines inhuman beings, Teratology, 15, 57, 1977.191. Edmund, M.J. and Craig, T.J., Antipsychotic drug use and birth defects: an epidemiological reassessment,Comp. Psychiatry, 25, 32, 1984.192. Altshuler, L.L., et al., Pharmacologic management of psychiatric illness during pregnancy: dilemmasand guidelines, Am. J. Psychiatry, 153, 592, 1996.193. Slone, D., et al., Antenatal exposure to phenothiazines in relation to congenital malformations perinatalmortality rate, birth weight and intelligence quotient score, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 128, 486, 1977.194. Sobel, D.E., Fetal damage due to ECT, insulin coma, chlorpromazine, or reserpine, Arch. Gen.Psychiatry, 2, 606, 1960.195. Yang, X. and Kulkarni, A.P., Oxidation of phenothiazines by human term placental peroxidase in nonsmokers.Teratogen. Carcinog. Mutagen., 17, 139, 1997.196. Zhang, R. Kulkarni, K.A., and Kulkarni, A.P., Oxidation of eugenol by human term placental peroxidase,Placenta, 21, 234, 2000.© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Second EditionDEVELOPMENTALandREPRO
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Published in 2006 byCRC PressTaylor
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Chapter 12Chapter 13Chapter 14Chapt
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The EditorRonald D. Hood, Ph.D., is
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Alan M. HobermanArgus ResearchHorsh
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APPENDIX ATerminology of Anatomical
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TERMINOLOGY OF ANATOMICAL DEFECTS 9
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Organ/StructureCodeNumberObservatio
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Organ/Structure10145 Ocular colobom
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Organ/StructurePulmonaryarteryPulmo
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Terminology of developmental abnorm
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Organ/Structure10689 Misshapen thor
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968 DEVELOPMENTAL REPRODUCTIVE TOXI
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1000 DEVELOPMENTAL REPRODUCTIVE TOX
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Table 1Human Non-human Primate Rat
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Table 1 (continued)Sertoli CellsHum
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Table 2 (continued) Landmarks in th
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Table 2 (continued) Landmarks in th
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POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES
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PART IPrinciples and Mechanisms© 2
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4 DEVELOPMENTAL REPRODUCTIVE TOXICO
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10 DEVELOPMENTAL REPRODUCTIVE TOXIC
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Table 2.6Receptor(Official Name a )
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Clearly, more research needs to be
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CHAPTER 6Comparative Features of Ve
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COMPARATIVE FEATURES OF VERTEBRATE
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Table 6.2Comparative reproductive a
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Maturation andRelease ofGametesSper
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Amniotic cavity 9.5 1.5 1-4 1-4,6,9
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Posteriorcardinal veinsestablishedT
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PosteriorcardinaldegenerationRight
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StomachappearsThirdpharyngealpouch;
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Table 6.6DescriptionComparative ges
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ParathyroidParathyroids 12.5 6.2 41
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Table 6.8DescriptionComparative ges
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Formation ofchoroid plexusof latera
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Table 6.10DescriptionMuscular Syste
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Distalphalanges offingersseparatedF
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Table 6.11DescriptionIntermediateme
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Table 6.12DescriptionComparative ge
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CHAPTER 7Developmental Toxicity Tes
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DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY TESTING —
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Female 0.00-0.69 0.004-0.39 0.00-0.
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Figure 8.11775Pott DescribesScrotal
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The underlying physiology of juveni
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Table 8.5Total body composition by
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Table 8.6Serum chemistry values for
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CHAPTER 9Significance, Reliability,
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DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXI
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Prior to the early 1980s, numerous
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Figure 9.51906Food andDrugs Act2000
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Table 9.18Selected comparison point
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Table 9.33Selected comparison point
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Table 9.48What do regulatorswant to
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CHAPTER 10Testing for Reproductive
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TESTING FOR REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY 4
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CHAPTER 17Statistical Analysis for
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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR DEVELOPMEN
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CHAPTER 19Perspectives on the Devel
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PERSPECTIVES ON THE DEVELOPMENTAL A
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Guideline OECD 415 (One Generation)
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The Office of Prevention, Pesticide
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CHAPTER 20Human Studies — Epidemi
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HUMAN STUDIES 801I. INTRODUCTIONEpi
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HUMAN STUDIES 803is actively trying
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HUMAN STUDIES 829B. The Formation o
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HUMAN STUDIES 837with spina bifida
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HUMAN STUDIES 83926. Haglund, B. an
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CHAPTER 21Developmental and Reprodu
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