A Practical Approach, Second Edition=Ronald D. Ho.pdf

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THE U.S. EPA ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR SCREENING PROGRAM 523147. McIntyre, B.S., Barlow, N.J., Wallace, D.G., Maness, S.C., Gaido, K.W., and Foster, P.M., Effects ofin utero exposure to linuron on androgen-dependent reproductive development in the male Crl,CD(SD)BR rat, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 167, 87, 2000.148. McIntyre, B.S., Barlow, N.J., and Foster, P.M., Male rats exposed to linuron in utero exhibit permanentchanges in anogenital distance, nipple retention, and epididymal malformations that result in subsequenttesticular atrophy, Toxicol. Sci., 6, 62, 2002.149. McIntyre, B.S., Barlow, N.J., and Foster, P.M., Androgen-mediated development in male rat offspringexposed to flutamide in utero, permanence and correlation of early postnatal changes in anogenitaldistance and nipple retention with malformations in androgen-dependent tissues, Toxicol. Sci., 62,236, 2001.150. Gray, L.E., Wolf, C., Lambright, C., Mann, P., Price, M., Cooper, R.L., and Ostby, J., Administrationof potentially antiandrogenic pesticides (procymidone, linuron, iprodione, chlozolinate, p,p’-DDE,and ketoconazole) and toxic substances (dibutyl- and diethylhexyl phthalate, PCB 169, and ethanedimethane sulphonate) during sexual differentiation produces diverse profiles of reproductive malformationsin the male rat, Toxicol. Ind. Health, 15, 94, 1999.151. Anderson, S.A., Fail, P.A., McTaggart, B.J., Tyl, R.W., and Gray, L.E., Jr., Reproductive toxicity ofmethoxychlor in corn oil to male and female Long-Evans hooded rats using the alternative reproductiontest protocol (ART). Biol. Reprod., 50(Suppl. 1), 101, 1994.152. U.S. EPA, Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program, Proposed Chemical Selection <strong>Approach</strong> for InitialRound of Screening (EPA Fact Sheet). http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/oscpendo/factsheet.htm.© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CHAPTER 12Role of Xenobiotic Metabolism in Developmentaland Reproductive ToxicityArun P. KulkarniCONTENTSI. Introduction ........................................................................................................................527II. Overview of Xenobiotic Metabolism ................................................................................527A. Phase I Reactions.......................................................................................................5281. Cytochrome P450 ................................................................................................5282. Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase.....................................................................5293. Peroxidases and Prostaglandin Synthase ............................................................5294. Lipoxygenase .......................................................................................................5295. Lipid Peroxidation ...............................................................................................530B. Phase II Reactions .....................................................................................................5301. UDP-Glucuronosyl Transferase...........................................................................5302. Sulfotransferase....................................................................................................5313. Glutathione Transferase.......................................................................................531III. Assay of Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzymes ....................................................................531A. General Comments ....................................................................................................531B. Assay Methods ..........................................................................................................5321. Cytochrome P450 Estimation..............................................................................5322. Cytochrome P450–Mediated Xenobiotic Oxidation...........................................5323. Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase.....................................................................5334. Lipoxygenase .......................................................................................................5335. Prostaglandin Synthase........................................................................................5346. Peroxidase............................................................................................................5357. Epoxide Hydrase..................................................................................................5368. Glutathione Transferase.......................................................................................5369. UDP-Glucuronosyl Transferase...........................................................................53710. Sulfotransferase....................................................................................................537IV. Metabolism of Developmental Toxicants ..........................................................................538A. Maternal Liver ...........................................................................................................5381. Cytochrome P450 ................................................................................................5382. Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase.....................................................................5403. Epoxide Hydrase..................................................................................................540525© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Second EditionDEVELOPMENTALandREPRO
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Published in 2006 byCRC PressTaylor
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Chapter 12Chapter 13Chapter 14Chapt
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The EditorRonald D. Hood, Ph.D., is
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Alan M. HobermanArgus ResearchHorsh
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APPENDIX ATerminology of Anatomical
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TERMINOLOGY OF ANATOMICAL DEFECTS 9
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Organ/StructureCodeNumberObservatio
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Organ/Structure10145 Ocular colobom
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Organ/StructurePulmonaryarteryPulmo
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Terminology of developmental abnorm
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Organ/StructureCervicalcentrumCodeN
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Organ/Structure10689 Misshapen thor
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Organ/StructureSacralcentrumSacralv
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968 DEVELOPMENTAL REPRODUCTIVE TOXI
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1000 DEVELOPMENTAL REPRODUCTIVE TOX
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Table 1Human Non-human Primate Rat
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Table 1 (continued)Sertoli CellsHum
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Table 2 (continued) Landmarks in th
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Table 2 (continued) Landmarks in th
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POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES
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PART IPrinciples and Mechanisms© 2
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4 DEVELOPMENTAL REPRODUCTIVE TOXICO
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10 DEVELOPMENTAL REPRODUCTIVE TOXIC
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Table 2.6Receptor(Official Name a )
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Clearly, more research needs to be
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CHAPTER 6Comparative Features of Ve
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COMPARATIVE FEATURES OF VERTEBRATE
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Table 6.2Comparative reproductive a
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Maturation andRelease ofGametesSper
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Amniotic cavity 9.5 1.5 1-4 1-4,6,9
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Posteriorcardinal veinsestablishedT
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PosteriorcardinaldegenerationRight
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StomachappearsThirdpharyngealpouch;
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Table 6.6DescriptionComparative ges
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ParathyroidParathyroids 12.5 6.2 41
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Table 6.8DescriptionComparative ges
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Formation ofchoroid plexusof latera
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Optic nervefibers presentDifferenti
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Table 6.10DescriptionMuscular Syste
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Distalphalanges offingersseparatedF
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Table 6.11DescriptionIntermediateme
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Table 6.12DescriptionComparative ge
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CHAPTER 7Developmental Toxicity Tes
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DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY TESTING —
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Female 0.00-0.69 0.004-0.39 0.00-0.
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Figure 8.11775Pott DescribesScrotal
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The underlying physiology of juveni
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Table 8.5Total body composition by
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Table 8.6Serum chemistry values for
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Table 8.7Parameter bHematology valu
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CHAPTER 9Significance, Reliability,
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DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXI
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Prior to the early 1980s, numerous
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Figure 9.51906Food andDrugs Act2000
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Table 9.18Selected comparison point
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Table 9.33Selected comparison point
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Table 9.48What do regulatorswant to
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CHAPTER 10Testing for Reproductive
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TESTING FOR REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY 4
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CHAPTER 17Statistical Analysis for
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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR DEVELOPMEN
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CHAPTER 19Perspectives on the Devel
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PERSPECTIVES ON THE DEVELOPMENTAL A
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Guideline OECD 415 (One Generation)
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The Office of Prevention, Pesticide
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CHAPTER 20Human Studies — Epidemi
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HUMAN STUDIES 801I. INTRODUCTIONEpi
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HUMAN STUDIES 803is actively trying
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CHAPTER 21Developmental and Reprodu
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